Adoption of Electric vehicles in Massachusetts - PowerPoint Presentation

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Adoption of Electric vehicles in Massachusetts

PES IEEE Boston SectionJune 20, 2017

Stephen Russell

Massachusetts Clean Cities

Department

of Energy Resources

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Agenda

Images:

NREL Image Gallery #14922 and #23854 Brief historyWhy EVsVehiclesCosts Associated with Electric Vehicle Supply Equipment

Additional Resources

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Massachusetts support for EV

Image:

NREL Image Gallery #28974

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Why BEVs (Battery Electric Vehicles)

Better for the environmentReduce carbon emissions, even when energy is sourced from coalHelp the nation transition to renewable energyReduce use of oil, transmission fluid and other hazardous fluids

Cut noise pollution Fun to driveEnergy independenceKeep our energy dollars hereKeep and grow jobs hereStabilize transportation costsFuture benefitsUse of “smart grid” during peak demandUsed batteries for a second life as an uninterrupted power supply4

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5

Mile Per Gallon of Gasoline versus Equivalent of Electric Vehicles on a Carbon Emission Basis

Source: Union of Concerned Scientists, 2014Summary: Electric cars will reduce greenhouse gases and other emissions, even if the source of electricity is mostly coal, a 2007 study by the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) and NRDC showed. There have been some 30 such studies, analyses and presentations on this topic that all reach similar conclusions.

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Basics: Electric Drive Vehicles

Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV)

Powered by an engine and electric motorDoes not use electric vehicle supply equipment (EVSE) to charge the batteryPlug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV)Powered by an electric motor and engineUses EVSE to charge the battery

All-Electric Vehicle (EV)Powered by an

electric motorUses EVSE to charge the battery

$0.023

$

$0.018

$0.012

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BEVs and PHEVs available today for SaleBEV=

Battery Electric Vehicle 7

Ford

Nissan Leaf Ford Focus Chevrolet Bolt 100 mile range 60 mile range 238 Mile range

Ford C-Max Energi

Chevrolet Volt15 miles range and 100 MPGe 50 mile range

PHEV= Plug in Hybrid Electric Vehicle

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These are the cars on the market todayvehicles:

8

BEVs8

Plug in Hybrids

www.morev.org

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EV sales in the US

Massachusetts has 10,000 Registered EVs

1158,614 EV sales in 2016 in the US

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EV Rebate: MOR-EV.org

www.mor-Ev.org

The Massachusetts EV Rebate program

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Vehicles: Vehicle Availability

Light-Duty

HEVs, PHEVs, and EVs widely available

New models rolling out nationwide

Medium-Duty

Variety of HEVs, PHEVs, and EVs available

New models becoming available

Certified conversions an option

Heavy-Duty

Several HEV makes and models available

Light hauling, delivery, and off-road service and school buses

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Charging, Where and When

6.5-8+ hours

47 min-2 hours

28-48

min

15-53

min

Workplace

Shopping

Centers

Leisure

Destination

Travel

Stops

Day in the life of an average car

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Infrastructure Settings

Public

Workplace

Home

Parking lots/garages

Public/municipal

Retail

Transportation

hubs

Hotels

Education

Medical

Leisure destinations

Non-profit meeting places

Business offices

Office parks or campuses

Industrial facilities

Fleets

On-street

Multi unit dwelling

Single family residential

g

arages and driveways

Non-Residential

EVSE

Non-residential EVSE

increases the electric driving range for PEV owners and enables drivers without access to home charging to own PEVs

.

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EVSE Unit Costs - Level 1

Level 1 EVSE Unit

(single port)$300-$1,500

Main L1 EVSE Cost Factors

Mounting

Cordset

that can plug into a 120V outlet (low cost)

Wall mounted unitPedestal unit (higher cost)

Advanced FeaturesPhoto from Telefonix

Photo from

AeroVironment

Photo from ANL

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EVSE Unit Costs - Level 2Ballpark Cost Ranges for Level 2

EVSE

Level 2 EVSE Unit (single port)$400-$6,500

Main L2 EVSE Cost Factors

Mounting (wall/pedestal)

Communications capabilitiesAdvanced features

Image from New West Technologies

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EVSE Unit Costs - DC Fast ChargingMain DCFC EVSE Cost Factors

Power output ranges from 24-250kW (commonly 50-60kW)Number of ports (may have multiple connector standards but only charge one vehicle at a time)Advanced features

DCFC EVSE Unit $10K-$40KDCFC ConnectorsSAEJ1772 CCS and CHAdeMOPhoto from Don KarnerPhoto from Margaret Smith

Photo from Margaret Smith

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Electric Vehicle Supply Equipment (EVSE) Overview

EVSE

consists of all the equipment needed to deliver electrical energy from an electricity source to a plug-in electric vehicle battery. Charging Level

Vehicle Range Added per

Charging Time and Power

Supply Power

AC Level 1

4 mi/hour @ 1.4kW

 

6 mi/hour @ 1.9kW

120VAC/20A

(12-16A continuous)

AC Level 2

10 mi/hour @ 3.4kW

 

20 mi/hour @ 6.6kW

 

60 mi/hour @ 19.2 kW

208/240VAC/20-100A

(16-80A continuous)

DC Fast Charging

24 mi/20minutes @24kW

 

50 mi/20minutes @50kW

 

90 mi/20minutes @90kW

208/480VAC 3-phase

(input current proportional to output power;

~20-400A AC)

Photo from WSDOT

Photo from Angela Costanzo, NREL

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Installation Costs – Connecting EVSE to Electrical Service

Simple/lower cost – run conduit along the wall a short distance from the electrical service to the EVSEComplex/higher cost – trench or bore through concrete to run conduit a long distance from electrical service to EVSE

Concrete cut out and soil removed to access underground electric service

Photo from NYSERDA

Trenching cost varies by location but in some areas the cost for digging the trench, laying conduit, then back-filling is:

$10-$20/

ft

for soil

$100-$150/

ft

for asphalt or concrete

Photo from INL

Photo from NYSERDA

Photo from NYSERDA

Photo from INL

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Installation Costs – New Electrical Service or Upgrades

3 Fundamental EVSE Electrical Needs

Sufficient electrical capacity from the utility connection to the electrical panel. Sufficient electrical capacity at the panel. A dedicated circuit for each EVSE unit on the electrical panel (in most cases).Consult with electrician and utility to determine if electrical work is needed and estimate cost.Service upgrade – Increasing the electrical capacity from the utility to an existing electrical panel, e.g. new transformer. $10,000-$25,000 (WCEH).New electrical service – Bringing electricity from the utility to a site that did not previously have electricity. $3,500-$9,500 (EV Project) Electrical panel work – Replacing or upgrading the panel, re-working the panel to provide more breaker positions, or adding a sub-panel. Cost is very site specific. About 72% of Level 2 commercial installations required panel work (EPRI)

Photo from Don

Karner

Photo from NYSERDA

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Operation and Maintenance (O&M) Costs – ElectricityElectricity Consumption

Commercial electricity rates: $0.08-$0.15 per kWhAnnual cost varies by power usage Demand ChargesOnce site’s power usage crosses the utilities threshold (20-50kW), demand charges may applyDCFC or multiple Level 2 EVSE may result in demand charges$0-$2,000+ per month

Energy management systems can be used to avoid demand chargesTalk to your utility!-Ask your local utility if they offer special PEV charging rates or time-of-use rates-Find out if EVSE will affect your demand charges and how they can be minimizedSingle Port EVSE Scenarios

Electricity

Consumption and Cost

Level 1

Workplace charging

1 light-duty

vehicle;

Charging 6hrs/day; 5 days/

wk

2,184 kWh/yr

$218/yr

Fleet charging

1 light-duty

vehicle;

Charging 14hrs/night;

5 days/

wk

5,096 kWh/yr

$510/yr

Level

2

Workplace charging

2

light-duty

vehicles; Each

charging

3hrs/day; 5 days/

wk

10,296 kWh/yr

$1,030/yr

Public charging

1 light-duty

vehicle; Charging 5hrs/day; 4 days/

wk

6,864 kWh/yr

$686/yr

Fleet charging

2 medium-duty

vehicles; Each

charging

5hrs/night; 5 days/

wk

17,160 kWh/yr

$1,716/yr

DCFC

Public charging

2 light-duty

vehicles; Each

charging 20

min/day; 7 days/

wk

11,278 kWh/yr

$1,128/yr

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O&M Costs – Network FeesNetworked EVSE

EVSE can be networked or non-networkedNetworked EVSE are connected to the InternetCharging networks provide added valueCharging station visibility and availability for driversEnergy monitoringStation usage analysis

Access controlPayment system Customer supportSome of these features may also be available without a charging network such as access control and payment systems. Aftermarket energy monitoring devices can track net power consumption.Charging Network Fees$100-$900 annuallyCellular/Wi-Fi network communications Back office support

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The Case For Managed ChargingIs there a role for the utilities?

Improve grid economics by achieving higher utilization rates, and therefore capacity factor, of generation assets Reduce emissions by aligning charging with surplus renewable generation Reduce grid stress and maintain grid stability by minimizing charging ramp rates and reducing the strain on distribution transformers Reduce the need for new peak generation and distribution capacity resulting from EVs charging during peak hours, particularly as more drivers choose EVs in the coming

years* * Smart Electric Power Alliance https://sepapower.org/

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Bi-Directional ChargingVehicle to grid (V2G) and Vehicle to Building (V2B)

Use battery storage to offset demand chargesCharge battery with energy from renewables (solar or wind)Participate in energy markets

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Electric Grid is Sized for Highest Hour of Demand

24

Whole Energy System Sized to Meet This Peak

Top 1% of Hours accounts for 8% of Massachusetts Spend on Electricity

Top 10% of Hours accounts for 40% of Electricity Spend

School Summer Break

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Summer

The buses are available as dedicated resources to market participation

Bus Availability Coincidence with Peak: Summer BreakSchool Bus has Full Availability to Charge/Discharge at grid callSummer is highest peaks of year

Bus Unavailable / enroute

Bus needs to charge

Bus Available to Market

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Summer After Kids Back in School

The bus is not available to meet peak

Bus Availability Coincidence with Peak: Summer Post-BreakBus Unavailable / enroute

Bus needs to charge

Bus Available to Market

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Spring/Fall

Bus is available to market at Peaks

Bus available to charge at overnight minimumBus available to charge at mid-day minimum in high penetration solar scenarioBus Availability Coincidence with Peak: Spring/FallBus Unavailable / enroute

Bus needs to charge

Bus Available to Market

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Bus Availability Coincidence with Peak: Winter

Winter

Bus mid-day charging coincides with high solar penetration minimum loading scenarioBus evening charging should be delayed to avoid coincidence with peakBus NOT available to discharge at peak (except any capacity not used during route)Bus Unavailable / enroute

Bus needs to charge

Bus Available to Market

This charge could be delayed to after peak

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Where can you charge your vehicle?

Massachusetts has 484 stations and 1,278 outlets

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30

Where are all the EVSEs

Cambridge Street BostonSimon Mall Braintree Northampton Fire DepartmentUMASS Amherst

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Charging station APPs

Blink

(888) 998-2546linkEVgo(855) 509-5581linkChargepoint

(888) 758-4389

link

Semaconnect

(800) 663-5633

 link

Aerovironment

(888) 833-2148

link

Altfuel

(855) 443-3873

link

Greenlots

(888) 751-8560

link

How do you locate charging stations ?

There is an app for this!

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N1104.2 (R404.2) Electric Vehicle Service Equipment (EVSE) Ready (Mandatory). In accordance with 527 CMR and this section, at least one minimum 40-ampere branch circuit shall be provided to garages and/or the exterior of the building to accommodate a future dedicated Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) standard J1772-approved Level 2 EVSE. The circuits shall have no other outlets. The service panel shall provide sufficient capacity and space to accommodate the circuit and over-current protective device. A permanent and visible label stating “EV READY” shall be posted in a conspicuous place at both the service panel and the circuit termination point.

The Future for the Built Environment - Residential

Type of BuildingNumber of spacesSingle-family dwelling:1Two-family dwelling:13 or more unit building:

1 per two units

Draft/suggested

EV-Ready Regulations

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Getting Started: PEV Handbooks

Helpful Resource:

Clean Cities PEV Handbooks are great resources for fleet managers, station owners, and individuals who are ready to start using PEVs and infrastructure.afdc.energy.gov/publications

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Costs Associated with Electric Vehicle Supply Equipment

34EVSE Overview

EVSE Cost OverviewEVSE Unit Cost FactorsInstallation Cost FactorsOperation and Maintenance CostsIncentivesTips for Minimizing EVSE CostsExample ScenariosFor more information, visit http://www.afdc.energy.gov/uploads/publication/evse_cost_report_2015.pdfMain Information Sources:- EV Project (2011-2013)- Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) Report (2010-2013)- West Coast Electric Highway (WCEH) (2011-2015)- Industry Interviews (2014-2015)

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Additional ResourcesCosts Associated with Non-Residential EVSE:

http://www.afdc.energy.gov/uploads/publication/evse_cost_report_2015.pdfAlternative Fuel Data Center EVSE page:

http://www.afdc.energy.gov/fuels/electricity_stations.html Clean Cities’ Plug-In Electric Vehicle Handbook for:Workplace Charging Hosts: http://www.afdc.energy.gov/uploads/publication/pev_workplace_charging_hosts.pdfFleet Managers: http://www.afdc.energy.gov/pdfs/pev_handbook.pdfPublic Charging Station Hosts: http://www.afdc.energy.gov/pdfs/51227.pdf Consumers: http://www.afdc.energy.gov/uploads/publication/pev_consumer_handbook.pdfElectrical Contractors: http://www.afdc.energy.gov/pdfs/51228.pdf INL Lessons Learned papers from the EV Project: http://avt.inl.gov/evproject.shtml Electric Vehicle Supply Equipment Installed Cost Analysis study by EPRI: http://www.epri.com/abstracts/Pages/ProductAbstract.aspx?ProductId=000000003002000577

DOE Workplace Charging Challenge:

http://energy.gov/eere/vehicles/ev-everywhere-workplacecharging-challenge ADA Guidance

: http://energy.gov/eere/vehicles/ada-requirements-workplace-charging-installation

Signage Guidance: http://energy.gov/eere/vehicles/workplace-charging-challenge-signage-guidance

Request for Proposal Guidance: http://energy.gov/eere/vehicles/downloads/request-proposal-guidance

Siting and Design Guidelines for EVSE:

http

://www.transportationandclimate.org/sites/www.transportationandclimate.org/files/EV_Siting_and_Design_Guidelines.pdf

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Contact Information & Important Links

Stephen Russell

Massachsuetts

Clean Cities Coordinator

Department of Energy Resources617 626-7325

Stephen.russell@state.ma.us

Clean Cities Website:

www.cleancities.energy.gov

Mass Clean

Cities

Website:

www.mass.gov/energy/cleancities

Alternative Fuels & Advanced Vehicles Data Center

:

www.afdc.energy.gov

Clean Cities National

Parks Initiative

:

https://

cleancities.energy.gov/national-parks