Chapter 3 Scales Scales an ordered collection of pitches in whole and halfstep patterns Scale comes from the Latin word scalae meaning Stairs or Ladder The Chromatic Scale ID: 781217
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Slide1
Index Review
Slide2Scales, Key, and Modes!
Chapter 3
Slide3Scales!
Scales
: an ordered collection of pitches in whole and half-step patterns.
Scale comes from the Latin word: “
scalae
” meaning “Stairs” or “Ladder”
Slide4The Chromatic Scale
Chromatic Scale
: a symmetrical scale with all pitches a half step apart.
Sharps going up; Flats going down
Enharmonic notes
Ex.
Every key up and down the piano
Slide5The Major Scale Pattern
Major Scale
: an asymmetrical scale pattern of whole and half steps.
ALL major scales share this same pattern
W W H W W W H
Tetrachord
W
Tetrachord
Start and end on the same note
Either all Sharps or al Flats – No
mixies
! *COOTIES*15 Major Scales overall – Three of them are enharmonic!
Tetrachord
: four-note group with the pattern W W HTwo Tetrachords combined by a whole step create a major scale
Lets
try
it!!!
Slide6What is a KEY?!
Tonality
: the principal of organizing a composition around the key note, or TONIC.
Used in reference to pitch center only
EX.
Key signature could have 2 sharps, but the tonality might be G
Modality
: modal quality; scale type used; major, minor,
dorian
….etc…
Key
: a specific series of pitches based on a pattern or whole and half steps that define a tonality.Can be defined as major or minor [modality]Key refers to both tonality and modality.
EX. G Major = Tonality is G, Modality is Major
Slide7Key Signatures
Key Signature
: written at the beginning of every staff to show which pitches are to be consistently flat or sharp throughout the entire piece; helps determine the key or tonality
Order of Flats
: B E A D G C F
Order of Sharps
: F C G D A E B
What is similar about the above two orders….???????
Slide8Placement of Key Signatures on the Grand Staff
Sharps: Down first-then Up
Flats: Up first-then Down
ACCIDENTALS NEVER ON LEDGER LINES [key signature]
Slide9Identifying the Key from the Key Signature
Sharps: The last sharp is the 7
th
scale degree, or LEADING TONE
Therefore, the key is one half step up from the last sharp listed
Flats: The second to last flat names the key
Slide10The Circle of Fifths
Circle of Fifths
: demonstrates the relationship of the tonal centers to each other
C at the top
Right – Up a 5
th – Adds a sharp
Left – Down a 5th – Adds a flat
IMPORTANT TO REMEMBER
: the major scale pattern generates the key signature, NOT the other way around
Slide11WORKSHEET TIME
Major scales and Major keys!
Slide12The Minor Scale Pattern
Natural minor Scale
: W H W W H W W pattern
Same pattern as Major Scales… but starting on a different note
Named to differentiate from the artificial forms of the scale
There are THREE forms of the minor scale
all of them are derived from the Natural Minor scale
All three minor scales begin with the same minor
pentachord
[first 5 notes]
The difference between a Major and minor
pentchord
is the 3rd scale degree – flattenedLeading Tone v. Subtonic
Slide13Relative
v
. Parallel Keys
Relative
: Major and minor scales that share the same exact pitches and therefore share the say key signature
The tonic of the relative minor scales is the 6
th
degree of the Major key
C Major and a minor
Parallel
: Major and minor keys with different key signatures but with the same TONIC
A Major and a minor
Slide14Harmonic Minor
Harmonic minor
: 7
th
scale degree is raised by ascending and descending
Everything else is the same at the natural minorSubtonic
Leading Tone
Named because it is often used when harmonizing melodies
Slide15Melodic Minor
Melodic minor
: 6
th
and 7
th scale degree is raised by ascending; Descending = natural minor scale
Ascending = Leading Tone; Descending = Subtonic
Named because it is often used in the melody line
Slide16More minor Info!
Scalar Variance
: the use of natural, harmonic, and melodic minor scales within one composition
Opens up our menu of choices, provides more options
Harmonic and Melodic forms of minor are
Artificial ScalesThe natural minor is the only
Artificial minor scale
Slide17Slide18Performing Scales
Each step of the scale is a
Scale Degree
Tonic
: the beginning pitch of a scale; scale degree 1
You need to be able to refer to members of the scale by…Scale degree
Number
Scale degree
Name
The
Solfege syllable
Slide19Scale Degree Names
Scale Degree Numbers have the ^ symbol on them. This helps differentiate scale degrees from other numbers related to music.
Scale Degree 1 : Tonic = Do –
the tonic on which a scale is built on
Scale Degree 2 : Supertonic = Re –
the prefix “super” meaning above the tonic
Scale Degree 3 :
Mediant
= Mi –
halfway between tonic and
dominic
Scale Degree 4 : Subdominant =
Fa
– the prefix “sub” meaning lower than dominantScale Degree 5 : Dominant = So – refers to the pitch dominating the tonality; perfect fifth above tonicScale Degree 6 : Submediant = La – halfway between the subdominant and tonicScale Degree 7 : Leading Tone = Ti – leads upward towards resolution to the tonic
Slide20Major Scale
Slide21Minor Scale
In the
natural minor
scale the 7
th
scale degree is a whole step below tonic;
NOT A LEADING TONE
In the
melodic minor
scale, the 6
th
scale degree is called the Raised SubmediantThis scale degree is called
Subtonic, meaning below tonic
Slide22The Stability Chart
Certain pitches in the scale sound stronger or more stable than others
Active Tones
: scale degrees 4, 6, and 7
The most active = leading tone. Most Musical Energy!
Resolution Tones
: scale degrees 1 and 3
These are the notes to which active tones move to [resolve]
Slide23The Stability Chart
The resolution is always a diatonic step away.
Diatonic
: within the scale
Chromatic
notes [accidentals/not in the key] are even less stable than any diatonic note.
Flat
Down ; Sharp Up
Notice that the most active tones [4&7] resolve to the most stable tones [1&3]
Slide24WORKSHEET TIME
Minor
scales and Major keys!
Slide25Other Scales!
Pentatonic Scale
5 tone scale [+octave]
There are MANY different versions on the pentatonic scale
Most Common:
What are the scale degrees? Which are missing? Importance??
Whole-Tone Scale
7 tone scale
Each pitch is a whole step apart
This is an
Artificial Scale
because it has altered notes that do not represent an actual key
Not strict spelling rules; accidentals chosen for ease of comprehension
Slide26Other Scales!
Diminished Scale
[
Octatonic
]
Alternating whole and half step intervals
2 kinds : Whole Half ; Half Whole
Features four pairs of
tritones
[dim 5
th
or aug
4th]Not strict spelling rules; accidentals chosen for ease of comprehension
Blues Scale7 tone scale, including the octave “Jazzy” song styleThree lowered notes – referred to as “blue notes”
Slide27Review…Other Scales!
Pentatonic Scale
1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 1
Whole Tone Scale
1, 2, 3, b5, b6, b7 –or – 1, 2, 3, #4, #5, #6
Diminished Scale
1, 2, b3, 4, b5, b6, 6, 7
Blues Scale
1, b3, 4, b5, 5, b7
Slide28Church Modes
The term
mode
is synonymous with
scale
You already know two modes!!!Ionian
= major scale
Aeolian
= natural minor scale
Minor modes –
Dorian, Aeolian & Dorian
Derived from the minor scaleMajor modes – Lydian, Mixolydian & Ionian
Derived from the major scaleThe Locrian mode does not fit into either of these categories, and it is not used as much
Slide29Major Modes
Inonian
: Major scale
Mixolydian
: Major +
b7Lydian
: Major + #4
Minor Modes
Aeolian
: Natural minor scale
Phrygian
: Natural minor +
b
2Dorian : Natural minor + #6Church ModesLocrian : Natural minor + b2, b5
Slide30Church Modes
I
D
on’t
Particularly L
ike
M
odes
A
LotMarine’s Mode Way
Slide31What Key Am I In?!
Key Signature is just one factor.
Look at the music!
Which note seems to be the center or main note?
Look for common occurring patterns
What are the accidentals telling you?
Look for key melodic patterns
Leading Tone is a HUGE clue!
Know that music moves around keys, but usually likes to stay near home base
Slide32Why are there so many keys?
Imagine a world with only Vanilla Ice Cream… MADENSS! Only having one kind of scale or key in all music would be just as bland and boring. When looking at music, look beyond just the key signature! There are lots of different “flavors” out there!
Slide33Questions?!!??!?
It’s review & worksheet time!