Chapter 4 American Life in the 17 th Century 1607-1692 Don’t spend much time on - PowerPoint Presentation

Chapter 4 American Life in the 17th Century 1607-1692 Don’t spend much time on

How would you explain the fact that the Dutch colony of New Amsterdam eventually becomes New York?What was the New England Confederation , how did it function and what major milestone did it achieve? What was the King’s reaction to the Mass Bay Colony ignoring his order to dismantle the New England Confederation ? Compare and Contrast the New England Confederation to the Dominion of New England . What were the Navigation Laws and how did they conflict with the policy of Salutary Neglect ? Who was William Penn and why would the King grant him a proprietorship colony? Compare and Contrast Pennsylvania to Rhode Island in terms of there very liberal policies. Why were the middle colonies (NY, NJ, PA & DE) named the “ bread colonies ”?

The Unhealthy Chesapeake Nasty, brutish, & short ( 10 yrs cut off life expectancy) ½ people didn’t survive to age 20. 70% death rate)Majority of immigrants single men late teens early twenties & most perished soon after arrival. Women were extremely scarce outnumbered 6 to 1 in 1650. Few families (most marriages destroyed by death of a partner w/ in 7 yrs) (why will women have more rights in Chesapeake than NE?)Things better by end of century, Eventually acquired immunity to killer diseases. (more women) (more families) ( population growing on basis on own birthrate not immigration)By beginning of 18th century VA most populated colony 59,000 MA was 2nd & MD 3rd 30,000 people.

Tobacco Economy production made prices go down (supply & demand)- Farmers responded by plant ing more tobacco. (repeated throughout U.S. history by American Farmers) Planting More tobacco meant more labor needed Indentured Servants: agreed to work for 7 yrs in exchange for transatlantic passage & Freedom dues may included ax & hoe, few barrels of corn, a suit of clothes, maybe land. 100,000 by 1700. (as land became more scarce less land given in freedom dues created many have nots) ¾ of all European immigrants to VA & MD in 17 th century Headright System - whoever paid the passage of a laborer got 50 acres. (investors amassed large amounts of land) ( creating of Have’s & Have Nots)

Bacon’s Rebellion1676 freedom Dues for indentured servants included land but land running out so set them on the frontier, but many Indian attacks . (remember 100,000 by 1700 2/3rds of population)VA Gov. Berkeley had friendly relations toward in Indians. Secret agreement to have western lands (because of the Indians role in the fur trade that the governor monopolized)(Berkeley & Bacon related -Bacon rich kid in England sent here to clean up his actrefused to retaliate for series of savage Indian attacks on Frontier, imposed high taxes & took away their vote Nathaniel Bacon leads 1000 former indentured servants to attacked Indians, than head East, chased Berkeley from Jamestown & torched the capital. Bacon’s landless freemen plundered towns. (Civil War) Bacon died of disease (without Bacon civil war fades) & Berkeley crushed the uprising hanging 20 rebels. Bacon had ignited war between backcountry “have-nots” v. gentry plantation of “ haves ”. VA aristocrats looked for less problematic labor. (eyes to African Slaves) (better to own v. rent) why?

3 rd period start - Runaway Indentured Servant & Slave activity Journey through Slavery ep 1 of 4 terrible transformation 6:58-25:37

How did the problems of the Chesapeake cause a decline in indentured servitude? How did the thousands of free indentured servants present a social problem for Virginia? Explain the Haves and Have Not problem in VA: how was it created & what problems will arise from it: Why was the Chesapeake life expectancy 10 years less than in New England?Why did women have more rights in the Chesapeake than in New England?Explain the events of Bacon’s Rebellion and what was the overall result:

Colonial Slavery 3 rd & 4 th start here 7- 10 m illion Africans brought to New World (400,000 ended up in N. America) (vast majority in Brazil & Caribbean)Mostly from West Africa (from present day Senegal to Angola)Giant slave auction blocks in New World flourished for 100 yrs.

Middle Passage of Triangular Trade – slave ship voyage (20% mortality) West coast tribes, for trade purposes (cotton, brass pans and guns) , kidnapped Africans in the interior & forced them to coasts (mortality rate high) to sell to American or European “flesh merchants” on beaches (African Diaspora 1500-1860)

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Slave Codes – began in VA in 1662 made Blacks & their children property of white master. Crime to teach them to read or write (difficult to escape if illiterate)1st time theirs a distinction between indentured servants & African Slaves.

Africans brought to Jamestown as early as 1619. but only # 2,000 in VA (7% population) (too expensive) but by 1680s black slaves out# indentured servants. why? 1. In 1680 wages in England the servant pool dramatically. (less willing to gamble on a new life or early death)2. Large planters growing fearful or landless former servants. Bacon’s Rebellion 3. 1698 Royal African Co. lost its monopoly on carrying slaves to the new world. (Entrepreneurial Americans rushed to cash in on lucrative slave trade)

Southern Social Ladder In SC Slaves out# whites 2 to 1 . The  Stono Rebellion  (sometimes called Cato's Rebellion) was a slave rebellion that began 1739, It was the largest slave uprising in the British mainland colonies, with 42-47 whites and 44 blacks killed.Slavery in the Deep South: slave life harshest. Climate hottest. Rice plantations of SC plantations needed most.Few cities so urban professional class (lawyers & financiers) were slow to start.Southern life revolved around the plantation . (isolated w/ waterways providing the main means of transportation) (roads were awful) Owned huge tracks of land & built riverfront manors> Dominated the economy & <House of Burgesses cultivated the arts & amassed huge libraries Largest group = small farmers

Slaves in Chesapeake region had it somewhat easier: tobacco less physically demanding crop.closer contact w/ neighbors. Family life somewhat possible . (one of only few slave populations to grow by birthrate) Overall The institution of American Slavery is the only slave population in history to re-populate itself.

The New England Family Clean water & cool temperatures hindered the spread of disease. Result – 10 yrs added to life span. First generation of Puritans had 70 yr life spans (not too different from today) Migrated as families not as single men as result family remained center of life. Pop ulation from the outset grew from reproduction and immigration not just the ladder. (remarkably fertile)Early marriages helped birthrates with women married early 20s having a baby every 2 yrs.(about 10 pregnancies 8 surviving causing vitality of pioneer women to be diminished)(marriage til death)Low premarital pregnancy rates because of the strong family social structure.

The fragileness of southern families advanced economic security of Southern women (property rights) Because Southern men often died young women allowed to retain separated titles of property. On the contrary, in New England Puritans thought giving women separate property rights would undercut the marriage so women gave up property rights when they married & were denied rights of inheritance.

Life in New England Town Tightly knit society w/ small villages & farmsEach town consisted of meeting house, place of worship , town hall surrounded by houses & a village free (militia drill site) Each famlily received parcels of land, woodlot for fuel, tract of land for growing, pasture for animalsTowns w/ more than 50 families required to provide elementary & majority adults could read & write.Just 8 yrs after colony founded Puritans est Harvard College to train local boys for ministry . While in VA took 86 yrs to found William & Mary in Jamestown. Puritans ran their own churches w/ democracy in congregational churches & that spilled over to govt. (freemen met voted, appoint schoolmasters & discussed issues like road repairs. (direct democracy)

Half-Way Covenant & the Salem Witch Trials Worries of Puritan Church leaders: 1. Pressure of growing population dispersing Puritans to outlying farms 2. Passage of time so religious zeal faded . 3. decline in conversions – testimonials individuals receiving God’s grace asking to be admitted to church. Solutions: New form of sermon: the “Jeremiad” – preachers scolded parishioners for their losing piety. (old testament Jeremiah)1662 : Half-Way Covenant -new formula for church membership -offered partial membership to people not yet converted. (baptized but not communion) (usually children/grandchildren of members)(remember only members were allowed to participate in church & govt. (no separation of church & state) created a system of “Haves” & “Have Nots”As time went on church doors open to all (gradually erasing distinction between elect & other non-members)-strict piety sacrificed

Salem Witch Trials 1692 Group of teen girls claimed to be bewitched by certain women & a hysterical “witch hunt” began. (entered American vocabulary –metaphor for scapegoating )Leads to 20 lynching's (19 hung & 1 pressed to death when refused to say lord’s prayer so placed rocks on board til crushed)Reasons: superstitions of the day, the unsettled religious conditions from the half-way covenant, Indian war turmoil, socio-economic prejudices of Haves v. have nots, & fear of Puritan faith fading to Yankee commercialism.Accused witches were among the merchant elite while the accusers were from the poor families. Hysteria ended when 1693 Governor’s wife accused so he prohibited any more trials & pardoned the convicted. http://www.history.com/news/history-lists/7-bizarre-witch-trial-tests Witch cake- urine of victim baked into cake fed to accuser's dog, animal falls into spell than witch or threw bound person into river if floated not witch & if sank witch (witch finders)

6. Many settlers tried to re-create the social structure (caste system) known to the old world but each time resentment sparked uprising: Bacon’s Rebellion, Maryland Protestants, Leisler’s Rebellion in NY City (animosity of landholders from merchants. Equality & Democracy seemed to find more trueness than Europe _____________ ___ ______ ______________ _____________ _______________________