The French revolution The Guillotine Developed by Dr Joseph Guillotin in 1789 Member of the Legislative Assembly Actually against the death penalty Beccaria Wanted a more humane method of execution ID: 267468
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Slide1
Heads will roll!
The French revolutionSlide2
The Guillotine
Developed by Dr. Joseph
Guillotin
in 1789Member of the Legislative AssemblyActually against the death penaltyBeccaria?Wanted a more “humane” method of executionPrior methods of executionHanging, burning, beheading by axe/sword, disembowelment, wheel…Guillotine becomes official method of execution during French RevolutionSlide3
Origins of the French revolution
Consequences of the enlightenment in
franceSlide4
Revolution & The Enlightenment
What are some ideas of the philosophes?
What happened in 1776?
Why did the American Revolution happen?What were the outcomes?What Enlightenment ideas greatly influenced our government?France = very similarSlide5
The Three Estates
French social/economic structure divided into 3 estates
The “Three Estates”
1st estate – Clergy1% of populationOwned 10% of land2nd Estate – Nobles1-3% of populationOwned 30% of land
3
rd
Estate – Everyone else
Majority were peasants
Middle class (doctors, lawyers,
etc
)
Paid significantly more taxes than first 2 estatesSlide6
Think about it!
What problems could such a social structure create?
How would you personally feel about being a member of the 3
rd estate?Slide7
Long term (underlying) Causes
Ideas of the Philosophes
Locke – all men born equal
Montesquieu – separation of powersSocial contract theoryAmerican RevolutionEmbodiment of Enlightenment ideasIf they can do it, why can’t weThe 3 EstatesInequality!No representation in governmentSlide8
Short term (immediate) Causes
Poor Harvests
Extreme Winters
Starving peasantsPoor financial decisionsExtravagant spending by King Louis XVI & Marie AntoinetteAiding in the American RevolutionPalace of VersaillesFrance was broke!Louis xvi – how to raise money?Slide9
The hall of mirrors
VersaillesSlide10
Bedroom
VersaillesSlide11
Exterior & Gardens
VersaillesSlide12
Estates General
Louis XVI calls a meeting to solve the economic situation in France
Estates General
All 3 estates representedLouis XVI asks for a vote to approve a tax increaseWho paid the most taxes?Each estate gets only one voteFair/unfair?Taxes are raised!3rd estate = TICKED!Slide13
Fall out of the Estates General
6/17/1789: 3
rd
estate forms the National AssemblyLock themselves in a nearby tennis courtMore like a handball courtSwear not to leave until a new constitution has been writtenBecomes known as the Tennis Court OathSlide14
Storming of the Bastille
Louis XVI becomes frustrated with the 3
rd
estate7/14/1789: Angry peasants gather outside the BastillePeasants storm the BastilleCut off the warden’s headTorn down “brick by futile brick”Bastille DayRevolution spreads throughout FranceSlide15
End of the old regime
8/26/1789: National Assembly adopts the Declaration of the Rights of Man & Citizen
Outline of basic liberties
Heavily influenced by philosophesLouis forced to give in to demands to remain KingEssentially becomes a prisoner in his own homeBut it doesn’t stop there…Slide16
The Reign of Terror
The Revolution continues
……….and is much more bloodySlide17
The end of Louis XVI & Marie Antoinette
Louis & family try to flee for Austria
Caught at the border
Returned to Paris & await trial for treasonThis sparks more, radical revolutionThe Sans-Culottes (meaning “without breeches”) storm the Legislative AssemblyCall for more rights & equalitySuspend the assembly and call for another national convention (meeting)Slide18
September Massacres
Rumors spread about imprisoned nobles & traitors disrupting the Revolution
Sept, 1792: peasants storm prisons
Thousands killedLittle is done to condemn the violenceSome championed the violence & bloodshed!Jean-Paul MaratA Friend of the PeopleEncouraged bloody, violent rebellionSlide19
Off with his (and her) head!
Republic of government is established in France
Representative gov’t
No need for a King…People start calling for executionVery little oppositionLouis XVI goes to the guillotine on Jan. 21, 1793Marie Antoinette follows in OctoberSlide20
The Reign of Terror
National Convention becomes fearful of foreign invaders and traitors
Committee of Public Safety established
Prevent domestic sabotageHeaded by Maximilien RobespierreApproximately 40,000 people killedTraitor or not! Man/woman/childGuillotine often quick enough Streets run
red
1793-94: known as the
Reign of TerrorSlide21
End of the Terror
Robespierre eventually starts accusing (and executing) his comrades
Crazy?
Members of the National Convention becomes fearful for their own livesCapture Robespierre after he fails to kill himselfRobespierre sent to the guillotine on 7/28/1794Prisoners released Committee of Public Safety is reducedSlide22
End of the revolution
New constitution is passed in 1795
Bicameral legislature
Less equality, though…1799: Napoleon Bonaparte overthrows the governmentCrowned emperor five years laterLeads several successful military campaignsFrance grows to largest political size