Supported by Ministry of Communications amp Information Technology The Center for Documentation of Cultural amp Natural Heritage wwwcultnatorg Calendars across history ID: 1003413
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1. CULTNATAffiliated to Bibliotheca Alexandrina Supported by Ministry of Communications & Information TechnologyThe Center for Documentation of Cultural & Natural Heritagewww.cultnat.org
2. Calendars across historyProf. Dr. Fathi Saleh CULTNATCenter for Documentation of Cultural & Natural Heritage
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4. Center for Documentation of Cultural & Natural Heritage CULTNAT The Year 2000 AD is equivalent to :- 6236 according to First Egyptian Calendar- 5760 according to Jewish Calendar- 1716 according to Coptic Calendar- 1420 according to Islamic Calendar- 1378 according to Persian Calendar
5. Year: Rotation of earth around the sun (365.2422 day)Month: Rotation of moon around the earth (29.53 day)Week: Human inventionDay: Revolution of earth around itselfsunEarth (day)yearMoon(month)Center for Documentation of Cultural & Natural Heritage CULTNATCalendars
6. Center for Documentation of Cultural & Natural Heritage CULTNAT Elements of Calendars YearsSeasonsMonthsWeeksDaysHours
7. Center for Documentation of Cultural & Natural Heritage CULTNATOther Elements of Calendars Start of the CalendarStart of the yearYear naming (names vs numbers)Season namingMonth namingWeek days naming
8. Year Month No.of monthsSolar year 365.2422 30.43685 12Lunar year 354.36 29.53 12Lunar/solar year 365.2422 29.53 12/13(Lunisolar year)Center for Documentation of Cultural & Natural Heritage CULTNATTypes of years
9. CalendarsTimelineCenter for Documentation of Cultural & Natural Heritage
10. Predynastic3000BC 2000AD5000BC300BCPharaonicPtolemaicByzantine / Coptic650ADIslamic1800AD1000AD01000BC3000BC2000BC4000BCModernCULTNAT
11. Solar CalendarsCenter for Documentation of Cultural & Natural Heritage
12. Solar Calendar(First Approximation)Center for Documentation of Cultural & Natural Heritage
13. Predynastic3000BC 2000AD5000BC300BCPharaonicPtolemaicByzantine / Coptic650ADIslamic1800AD1000AD01000BC3000BC2000BC4000BCModernCULTNATFirst Egyptian Calendar (4241 BC)
14. Center for Documentation of Cultural & Natural Heritage CULTNATEvolution of the Solar YearOne year = 365.2422 daysFirst Approximation(Early Ancient Egyptians Year EY)One Year = 365 days
15. First Approximation (2) One Year = 365 day - 12 months - 30 days/month + 5 days (Isis, Osiris, Seth, Nyphtis, Horus) Center for Documentation of Cultural & Natural Heritage CULTNATEvolution of Solar Calendar
16. Solar Calendar(Second Approximation)Center for Documentation of Cultural & Natural Heritage
17. Predynastic3000BC 2000AD5000BC300BCPharaonicPtolemaicByzantine / Coptic650ADIslamic1800AD1000AD01000BC3000BC2000BC4000BCModernCULTNATFirst Egyptian Calendar (4241 BC)Leap Year(2000 BC)
18. Second Approximation One Year = 365.25 - 12 months - 30 days/month + 5/6 holydays - Year starts with first appearance of sirius (sotis) on 18th or 19th of JulyCenter for Documentation of Cultural & Natural Heritage CULTNATEvolution of Solar Calendar
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21. Month = 3 decans (weeks) Decan = 10 days One year = 36 decan Season = 4 months Season are : - Inundation (Akhet) - Growing (Peret) - Harvesting (Chemou)Center for Documentation of Cultural & Natural Heritage CULTNATEvolution of Solar Calendar
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23. Content of Rhind Mathematical Papyrus (RMP) * RectoCover pageTitle : “Correct method of reckoning, for grasping the meaning of things and knowing everything that is, obscurities … and all secrets”.Name of scribe: AhmoseDate of copying: fourth month of inundation season of the year 33 of reign period of king Auserre (15th dynasty)Center for Documentation of Cultural & Natural Heritage CULTNATCULTNAT
24. Part of RMPCenter for Documentation of Cultural & Natural Heritage CULTNATCULTNAT
25. Solar Calendar(Third Approximation)Center for Documentation of Cultural & Natural Heritage
26. Predynastic3000BC 2000AD5000BC300BCPharaonicPtolemaicByzantine / Coptic650ADIslamic1800AD1000AD01000BC3000BC2000BC4000BCModernCULTNATFirst Egyptian Calendar (4241 BC)Leap Year(2000 BC)Julian Calendar (30 AD)
27. Center for Documentation of Cultural & Natural Heritage CULTNATEvolution of Solar CalendarThird approximation ( Julian Year JY) One year = 365.25 days Difference from EY =365.25 – 365 = 0.25 days Or add one day every FOUR EY years Correction of one day every four EY years
28. CULTNATCenter For Documentation of Cultural & Natural Heritage First month 30 31 JanuarySecond month 30 29/30 FebruaryThird month 30 31 MarchForth month 30 30 AprilFifth month 30 31 MaySixth month 30 30 JuneSeventh month 30 31 JulyEighth month 30 30 AugustNinth month 30 31 SeptemberTenth month 30 30 OctoberEleventh month 30 31 NovemberTwelfth month 30 30 DecamberAdditional 5/6Pharaonic Julian
29. CULTNATCenter For Documentation of Cultural & Natural Heritage First month 30 31 31 JanuarySecond month 30 29/30 28/29 FebruaryThird month 30 31 31 MarchForth month 30 30 30 AprilFifth month 30 31 31 MaySixth month 30 30 30 JuneSeventh month 30 31 31 JulyEighth month 30 30 31 AugustNinth month 30 31 30 SeptemberTenth month 30 30 31 OctoberEleventh month 30 31 30 NovemberTwelfth month 30 30 31 DecamberAdditional 5/6Pharaonic Julian
30. Julian Calendar31/28/31/30/31/30/31/31/30/31/30/31Feb. 28/29 depending on leap conditionYear starts first of January (Originally 21 of March)Calendar starts with the Birth of Jesus Center for Documentation of Cultural & Natural Heritage CULTNATEvolution of Solar Calendar
31. Center for Documentation of Cultural & Natural Heritage CULTNATThe Story of the month January February March Matius (Mars) April Aprilis (Aphrodite) May Maius (elders ) June Junius (youth) July Quintilis (fifth) Julius August Augustus September 7er October 8er November 9er December 10er
32. January كانون الثانيFebruaryشباطMarchآذار AprilنيسانMayأيَارJuneحزيرانJulyتموزAugustآبSeptemberأيلولOctoberتشرين الأولNovemberتشرين الثانيDecemberكانون الأولSyrian months
33. Days of the week are related either to Layers of heavens represented by the planets (Babilonian)God created the universe in six days and had a rest on the seventh – sabat (Biblical)Center for Documentation of Cultural & Natural Heritage CULTNATThe story of the week
34. Center for Documentation of Cultural & Natural Heritage CULTNATEnglishFrenchMonday moon Lundi lune Tuesday Mardimars Wednesday Mercredimercure Thursday Judi Jupiter Friday Vendredi Venus Saturday Saturn Samedi SundaysunDimanche The Story of Weak Days
35. Center for Documentation of Cultural & Natural Heritage CULTNATEnglishFrenchArabicMonday moon Lundi lune Ethnin 2Tuesday Mardimars Thulathaa 3Wednesday Mercredimercure Arbaa 4Thursday Judi Jupiter Khamis 5Friday Vendredi Venus Jomaa Saturday Saturn Samedi Sabt SundaysunDimanche Ahad 1The Story of Weak Days
36. Solar Calendar(Fourth Approximation)Center for Documentation of Cultural & Natural Heritage
37. Predynastic3000BC 2000AD5000BC300BCPharaonicPtolemaicByzantine / Coptic650ADIslamic1800AD1000AD01000BC3000BC2000BC4000BCModernCULTNATFirst Egyptian Calendar (4241 BC)Leap Year(2000 BC)Julian Calendar (30 AD)Gregorian Calendar (1582 AD)
38. Center for Documentation of Cultural & Natural Heritage CULTNATFourth approximation (Gregorian GY) One year = 365.2425 days Difference from JY =365.25 – 365.2425 = 0.0075 days Or subtract one day every 125 GY years Every 400 GY years we drop THREE days Centinential years are leap every four centuries eg. 2000 is leap 2100, 2200, 2300 are notEvolution of Solar Calendar
39. Center for Documentation of Cultural & Natural Heritage CULTNATFourth approximation ( Gregorian) Thursday October 4, 1582 was followed by Friday October 15, 1582Evolution of Solar Calendar
40. Center for Documentation of Cultural & Natural Heritage CULTNAT Western Church First Sunday following fullmoon following Equinox Eastern Church First Sunday following Fos’h feast of the jewsEaster Problem
41. EquinoxEasterFull moon
42. Center for Documentation of Cultural & Natural Heritage CULTNAT Western Church Follows Gregorian Calculations (365.2425) Eastern Church Follows Julian Calculations (365.25) Christmas Problem
43. Center for Documentation of Cultural & Natural Heritage CULTNATFifth approximation ( John) One year = 365.2422 days Difference from GY =365.2425 – 365.2422 = 0.0003 Or subtract one day every 3333 GY yearsEvolution of Solar Calendar
44. Solar Calendar(Persian Calendar)Center for Documentation of Cultural & Natural Heritage
45. Predynastic3000BC 2000AD5000BC300BCPharaonicPtolemaicByzantine / Coptic650ADIslamic1800AD1000AD01000BC3000BC2000BC4000BCModernCULTNATFirst Egyptian Calendar (4241 BC)Leap Year(2000 BC)Julian Calendar (30 AD)Gregorean Calendar (1582 AD)PersianCalendar (1000 AD)
46. Another examples of Solar Calendars5. Persian Calendar30 * 6 + 31 * 5 + (30/31) * 1length of the year is calculated astronomicallyYear starts on the 21st of March (Nowrooz)Calendar starts with the Hajir ( like the Islamic calendar).Was developed by KhayyamCenter for Documentation of Cultural & Natural Heritage CULTNAT
47. Lunar CalendarsCenter for Documentation of Cultural & Natural Heritage
48. Center for Documentation of Cultural & Natural Heritage CULTNATEvolution of the Arabic Lunar Calendar First approximation One Month = 29 days Lunar month = 29.53 days
49. Center for Documentation of Cultural & Natural Heritage CULTNAT Second approximation One month = 29.5 days Difference =29.5 – 29 = 0.5 days per month Or add one day every TWO monthsEvolution of the Arabic Lunar Calendar
50. Center for Documentation of Cultural & Natural Heritage CULTNAT Third approximation One month = 29.53 days Difference =29.53 – 29.5 = 0.03 day Add one day every 33 months (You will have two consecutive months of 30 days every 33 years)Evolution of the Arabic Lunar Calendar
51. Lunar Calendar(Islamic Calendar)Center for Documentation of Cultural & Natural Heritage
52. Predynastic3000BC 2000AD5000BC300BCPharaonicPtolemaicByzantine / Coptic650ADIslamic1800AD1000AD01000BC3000BC2000BC4000BCModernCULTNATFirst Egyptian Calendar (4241 BC)Leap Year(2000 BC)Julian Calendar (30 AD)Gregorean Calendar (1582 AD)IslamicCalendar (632 AD)PersianCalendar (1000 AD)
53. Examples of lunar calendars Islamic Calendar (Hagir)Year = 12 monthsMonths are either 29 or 30 daysMonths starts by first appearance of the moonThe calendar starts with the year of Hegra (migration of profit Mohamed to Medina) 632 ADCenter for Documentation of Cultural & Natural Heritage CULTNAT
54. EnglishArabicNumberMuharramمحرم1Safarصفر2Rabiul-Awwalربيع أول3Rabi-uthaniربيع ثان4Jumadi-ul-Awwalجمادى أول5Jumadi-uthaniجمادى ثان6Rajabرجب7Sha'banشعبان8Ramadanرمضان9Shawwalشوال10Dhil-Q'adaذو القعدة11Dhil-Hijjaذو الحجة12Islamic months
55. Lunisolar Calendar(Jewish Calendar)Center for Documentation of Cultural & Natural Heritage
56. Predynastic3000BC 2000AD5000BC300BCPharaonicPtolemaicByzantine / Coptic650ADIslamic1800AD1000AD01000BC3000BC2000BC4000BCModernCULTNATFirst Egyptian Calendar (4241 BC)Leap Year(2000 BC)Julian Calendar (30 AD)Gregorean Calendar (1582 AD)IslamicCalendar (632 AD)PersianCalendar (1000 AD)Moses 1200David 1000Sargon 722(First temple)Cyrus 538Destruction of Second Temple 70 AD(Second Temple)Hebrew Calendar (500BC)
57. Examples of lunar/solar(lunisolar) calendar Hebrew CalendarYear is determined by the cycle of the sunMonth is determined by the cycle of the moonCorrection is done by adding one month every three years ApproximatelyYear = 12 month, 12 month, 13 month, 12, 12, 13, …etcFirst approximation: One year = 354 daysSecond approximation: One year = 363.22 daysThird approximation: One year = 365.2422Center for Documentation of Cultural & Natural Heritage CULTNAT
58. SyrianHebrewNumberLengthGregorian Equivalent Nissan130 daysMarch-April Iyar229 daysApril-May Sivan330 daysMay-June Tammuz429 daysJune-July Av530 daysJuly-August Elul629 daysAugust-September Tishri730 daysSeptember-October Cheshvan829 or 30 daysOctober-November Kislev930 or 29 daysNovember-December Tevet1029 daysDecember-January Shevat1130 daysJanuary-February Adar I (leap years only)1230 daysFebruary-March Adar (called Adar II in leap years)12 (13 in leap years)29 daysFebruary-MarchJewish monthsنيسانأيَارحزيرانتموزآبأيلولتشرين الأولتشرين الثانيكانون الأولكانون الثانيشباطآذار
59. Center for Documentation of Cultural & Natural Heritage CULTNATHours ConsiderationsNumber of hours per dayRegular vs irregular hoursBeginning of the day (Sunset or meridian)
60. Final LookCenter for Documentation of Cultural & Natural Heritage
61. PharaonicHebrewJulianIslamicPersianGregorianCopticBeg. of the calendarNew KingGenesisHigraHigraChrist BirthdayMartyrBeg. of the YearSirius 18/19 JulySpring EquinoxHigraSpring EquinoxChrist BirthdayYear namingNumbersNames (numbers)Numbers (names)numbersnumbersSeasons344Month namingNumbersBabylonianNames (numbers)NamesNamesNamesNames Week daysNumbersNumbersBabylonianNumbersNumbersBabyloniannumbers
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63. With the complimentsof The Center for Documentation of Cultural & Natural Heritagewww.cultnat.org
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71. Northern SkyZodiac + PlanetsSouthern SkyDecans
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75. Second monthFirst decanAkhet seasonmiddle decanLast decan
76. With the complimentsof The Center for Documentation of Cultural & Natural Heritagewww.cultnat.org
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85. Predynastic3000BC 2000AD5000BC300BCPharaonicPtolemaicByzantine / Coptic650ADIslamic1800AD1000AD01000BC3000BC2000BC4000BCModernCULTNATMoses 1200David 1000Sargon 722(First temple)Cyrus 538Second tempDestruction 70 AD(Second Temple)First Egyptian Calendar (4241 BC)Leap Year(2000 BC)Julian Calendar (30 AD)Gregorean Calendar (1582 AD)IslamicCalendar (632 AD)PersianCalendar (1000 AD)Hebrew Calendar (600BC)
86. Predynastic3000BC 2000AD5000BC300BCPharaonicPtolemaicByzantine / Coptic650ADIslamic1800AD1000AD01000BC3000BC2000BC4000BCModernCULTNAT
87. Predynastic3000BC 2000AD5000BC300BCPharaonicPtolemaicByzantine / Coptic650ADIslamic1800AD1000AD01000BC3000BC2000BC4000BCModernCULTNAT
88. Predynastic3000BC 2000AD5000BC300BCPharaonicPtolemaicByzantine / Coptic650ADIslamic1800AD1000AD01000BC3000BC2000BC4000BCModernCULTNATSumerian3000BC2350BCAkkadianSum Ur IIIBabylonian2150BCAssyrian883BCPersianGreek30BC330BC1728BC
89. Predynastic3000BC 2000AD5000BC300BCPharaonicPtolemaicByzantine / Coptic650ADIslamic1800AD1000AD01000BC3000BC2000BC4000BCModernCULTNATSumerian3000BC2350BCAkkadianSum Ur IIIBabylonian2150BCAssyrian883BCPersianGreek30BC330BC1728BCMoses 1200David 1000Sargon 722(First temple)Cyrus 538Second tempDestruction 70 AD(Second Temple)
90. Predynastic3000BC 2000AD5000BC300BCPharaonicPtolemaicByzantine / Coptic650ADIslamic1800AD1000AD01000BC3000BC2000BC4000BCModernCULTNATSumerian3000BC2350BCAkkadianSum Ur IIIBabylonian2150BCAssyrian883BCPersianGreek30BC330BC1728BCMoses 1200David 1000Sargon 722(First temple)Cyrus 538Second tempDestruction 70 AD(Second Temple)First Egyptian Calendar (4241 BC)Leap Year(2000 BC)Julian Calendar (50 AD)Gregorean Calendar (1582 AD)IslamicCalendar (432 AD)
91. Predynastic3000BC 2000AD5000BC300BCPharaonicPtolemaicByzantine / Coptic650ADIslamic1800AD1000AD01000BC3000BC2000BC4000BCModernCULTNATFirst Egyptian Calendar (4241 BC)Leap Year(2000 BC)Julian Calendar (30 AD)Gregorean Calendar (1582 AD)IslamicCalendar (632 AD)PersianCalendar (1000 AD)Moses 1200David 1000Sargon 722(First temple)Cyrus 538Second tempDestruction 70 AD(Second Temple)Hebrew Calendar (500BC)