Adriana E Lita Faint Photonics Group Sae Woo Nam amp Quantum Nanophotonics Group Rich Mirin NIST Boulder CO 18 th International Workshop on Low Temperature Detectors LTD18 Milano 2226 July 2019 ID: 815786
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Slide1
High-efficiency Superconducting Detectors and Their Applications in Quantum Information Science
Adriana E. Lita
Faint Photonics Group (Sae Woo Nam) &Quantum Nanophotonics Group (Rich Mirin) NISTBoulder, CO
18
th
International Workshop on Low Temperature Detectors (LTD-18), Milano 22-26 July 2019
Slide2Quantum Information (QI) Applications
Quantum-enabled MetrologyCharacterization of single photon sources and entangled photon pair sourcesQuantum optical state measurements in the macroscopic regimeQuantum OpticsFundamental tests of Quantum Mechanics (Loophole-Free Bell Test)
Quantum Computing (Quantum simulations)Photonic quantum information processing Neuromorphic computing (photons + superconducting detectors + reconfigurable waveguides)Integration with other platforms (Ion-trap)Quantum CommunicationsQuantum Key Distribution (QKD)
July 23 2019LTD-18
2
Slide3Superconducting Single Photon Detectors for QI
July 23 2019LTD-183
25
m
m
Sensitive in the UV to near-IR
Very High detection efficiency (> 95%)
No dark counts
Timing jitter < 5 ns
Photon-number resolving
W TES
n=1
n=2
n=3
n=11
n=4
n=5
n=6
n=7
n=10
n=8
n=9
Pulse-height distribution 850nm
TES response 805 nm
A.E. Lita et al., Proc. of SPIE Vol. 7681, 76810D ( 2010)
Transition Edge Sensors (TESs)
Slide4Superconducting Single Photon Detectors for QI
Sensitive in the UV to mid-IRVery High detection efficiency (> 95%)Very low dark count rateTiming jitter ~ 100 ps (3 ps record)High count rates (~ 1GHz); arraysJuly 23 2019
LTD-184
15
μ
m
WSi
x
/
MoSi
x
Superconducting Nanowire Single Photon Detectors (SNSPDs)
NIST-JPL
Kilopixel
WSi
x
array
Slide5July 23 2019
LTD-185
Self-alignment scheme
< 1% coupling loss
A. J. Miller et al., Optics Express 19 (2011)
Very High System Detection Efficiency (> 95%)
Slide6Characterization of entangled photon pair sources
Fiber Spectrometer: SNSPD enabledJuly 23 2019LTD-18
62 entangled squeezedphotons
Slide7Timing jitter
1.3km
2.3km
fiber dispersion
Characterization of entangled photon pair sources
Fiber Spectrometer: SNSPD enabled
July 23 2019
LTD-18
7
2 long single mode fibers encode the photons frequency into time of arrival
The resolution (3-6 nm ) is determined by the ratio of the photon-arrival uncertainty and fiber dispersion
T.
Gerrits
et al.,
Phys
. Rev. A 91, 013830 (2015)
Slide8log scale
Characterization of entangled photon pair sources
Joint Spectral Probability DistributionT. Gerrits et al., Phys. Rev. A 91, 013830 (2015)
Joint Spectral Intensity July 23 2019
LTD-18
8
Tool for studying the
2-photon interference and indistinguishability
entangled two-mode squeezed state
Photons in unwanted frequency modes
Slide9July 23 2019
LTD-189Fundamental tests of Quantum Mechanics (Loophole-Free Bell Test)
Slide10July 23 2019
LTD-1810
Slide11Theory in which any system has preexisting values for all possible measurements of the system and no signal (physical influences) travels faster than the speed of light
July 23 2019
LTD-1811
Slide12July 23 2019
LTD-18
12
Slide13Perhaps quantum systems are controlled by variables , possible hidden from us, that determines the outcomes of measurements
July 23 2019
LTD-1813
Slide14July 23 2019
LTD-1814In 1964 John Bell showed that the predictions of quantum mechanics are fundamentally
incompatible with those of any theory satisfying Local Realism. Such an experiment is a Bell test.
Slide15Tests of Local Realism: Loophole-Free Bell Tests
July 23 2019LTD-1815
Shalm et al,
Phys. Rev. Lett
115
, 250402 (2015)
Giustina et al.
Phys. Rev. Lett
115
, 250401 (2015)
NIST TES detectors
NIST SNSPD detectors
Slide16The particles (photons) must not be able to send signals to one another so as to collude.
Locality loophole
Alice and Bob must be free to make measurement decisions independently
Freedom of choice loophole
Alice and Bob must detect more than 2/3 of the particles sent to them.
Fair sampling (or detector) loophole
July 23 2019
LTD-18
16
Tests of Local Realism: Loophole-Free Bell Tests
Slide17NIST Loophole-free Bell Test
July 23 2019LTD-1817
RNG light cone
cone
Source
light
Bob
Source
Alice
~75% system detection efficiency
Slide18NIST Loophole-free Bell TestL.K.
Shalm et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 115, 250402 (2015)July 23 2019LTD-18
18Bierhorst et al, Nature 556, 223 (2018)
Additional source of real-time randomness for https://beacon.nist.gov/
RNG light cone
cone
Source
light
Bob
Source
Alice
~75% system detection efficiency
Well-optimized source of (polarization) entangled photons, rapid setting generation, and
highly efficient superconducting detectors
We observe a violation of a Bell inequality with
high statistical significance
(
p
-value = 5.9 x 10
-9
)
Result confirms Local Realism is invalid and measurement outcomes
could not have been predicted
Slide19July 23 2019
LTD-1819
WSix SNSPD detector’s characteristicsFor Bell ExperimentHigh System Detection Efficiency (~ 92 % )High Speed and low timing jitter (~ 100 ps)Low latency ( < 1 ns)Background counts (~ 1
Kcounts/s) affects the efficiency requirement: from 2/3 to 72.5%
Slide20Quantum efficiency enhancement (towards 100 %)
Detector OptimizationJuly 23 2019
LTD-1820
Slide21Quantum efficiency enhancement (towards 100 %)
Detector OptimizationJuly 23 2019
LTD-1821
Air
aSi
SiO2
Substrate
Incoming Gaussian beam
Nanowire Layer (4 nm thick)
(fill fraction ~ 0.6)
Slide22Quantum efficiency enhancement (towards 100 %)
Detector OptimizationJuly 23 2019
LTD-1822Detecting single infrared photons with 98% system efficiencyD.V. Reddy et al., FF1A.3 CLEO 2019
Slide23Continuous variables (CV) – Squeezed light
Photonic Quantum Information Processing
July 23 2019LTD-1823
0
1
2
7
3
4
5
8
6
P
u
On-chip Scalable Squeezed Light Source for CV Boson Sampling
1550 nm TES (> 95% QE)
Measure 10-fold coincidences
with 100s Hz rates
V.D. Vaidya et al., arXiv:1904.07833
Slope 0.999 (coherent state calibration)
Slope 0.85 (photon number squeezing)
TES 1550 nm
Measured photon number difference variance
Slide2424
SNSPDs and TESs enabled probing of fundamental physics from basic quantum interference to tests of fundamental quantum mechanics.SNSPDs and TESs represent the detection building blocks of choice for almost any system of Photonic Quantum Information Processing
Summary
Slide25Jan Phillip
Hopker
Tim Bartley
Christine Silberhorn
James C. Gates
Paolo
Mennea
Peter G.R. Smith
Matthew D. Shaw
Boris A. Korzh
Emma E. Wollman
Andrew Beyer
Jason Allmaras
Sonia Buckley
Jeff Chiles
Thomas Gerrits
Saeed Khan
Adam McCaughan
Mike MazurekRichard P. MirinNima NaderSae Woo Nam
Dileep V. ReddyJeff ShainlineKrister ShalmMartin StevensEric StantonAlex Tait
Varun Verma
Matthew Collins
Zachary Vernon
July 23 2019
LTD-18
25
Karl BerggrenIlya Charaev Marco Colangelo Q-Y. Zhao
Andrew E. DaneDi Zhu