Additional Factors Toward Renaissance in the West - PowerPoint Presentation

Slide1

Additional Factors Toward Renaissance in the West

CIV 101-02

Class 30

November 4, 2015Slide2

Carolingian Renaissance

S

ponsored by Charlemagne

Led by Englishman

Alcuin (730-804

)

movement

to copy, preserve, catalog, and distribute works of both classical and Christian

derivation.

Innovates writing styles

the

Roman script that used all capital letters and no spaces

Introduces lower case letters

and spaces between words.Slide3

Urbanization

C

ities

exhibit

superlinear

growth: as they get bigger, people become more productive by a factor of approximately 1.5 (West and Bettencourt

)

Cities produce more creativity, innovation, commercial activity

Also disease, crime, etc…Slide4

Urbanization in the Europe in general, Late Middle Ages

From the eleventh century, Northern and Central Italy became unmistakably dominant. The demographic high point was reached in about 1300, when Venice, Milan and Florence counted at least 100,000 inhabitants each and both Genoa and Bologna had perhaps around 80,000. There were 20 other cities in their environs with more than 20,000 residents at this time.

Wim

Blockmans

Urbanisation

in the European Middle Ages. Phases of openness and occlusion. in

Living in the City. Urban Institutions in the Low Countries 1200-2010,a

cura

di L.

Lucassen

e W.

Willems

, New York,

Routledge

, 2011, pp. 16-

27

http://

rm.univr.it

/

biblioteca

/

scaffale

/Download/

Autori_B

/RM-

Blockmans

-

Urbanisation.pdfSlide5

I

ncrease

in agricultural

production

increased

the population while decreasing available rural

lands

offered food for urban areas via

trade.ability of farm laborers who had been indentured to gain freedom and voting rights in cities.(in some places, in a year and a day)Sometimes, former “owners/bosses” sought recovery/paymentcities established law and order (with laws and orders) . . . in some ways, though chaotic, they were safer than the countryside that had no such provisions. In effect, cities became pacified.cities developed health care systems; trade systems for providing food, etc. there will still be problems: famine, disease, wars still bound. In fact, in many places, populations fluctuated toward smaller numbers at times.

Urbanization in the Europe in

general, Late Middle AgesSlide6

Urban development in

Mediterranean

Europe

S

ocial

position dependent on

participation

in public life of the community: merchants, financiers, civic officials, and professionals form the backbone of increasingly populous

cities.

Increased tradeIncrease of multi-ethnic urbanizationIncreased concentration of wealth then available for patronage. Slide7

Emergence of the guild system

S

omewhat

like modern trade unions/associations, but more wide-ranging

.

Included

apprenticeship-based training,

setting prices &

quality standards, methods

for and volume of production, wages.Focused an individual trades so led to professions/fieldsOffered an alternative to education and training and some of the marketplace functions that had been previously overseen by the Church or feudal lords.Supplements the urban functions that early cities don’t yet fully provideSupplements social functions, giving people options to Church sponsored activities outside the homeSlide8

Re-organizaton

of the Islamic world

Turks

invaded and reorganized the Islamic world around 1200

In

the late 13th century and in the 14th century the Mongolian invasion, from the east, overwhelms most of

the northern

Islamic world.

Western leaders, especially Church leaders, attempted to forge relationships with the new Mongolian states. Although these were often unsuccessful the efforts opened China to the West.Southern parst of the Islamic world, stretching from modern-day Libya and Egypt to northern Syria, remained under Turkish control and became, for nearly 200 years, the Mamluk Sultanate. The Turkish and Mongolian invasions had MUCH GREATER impacts on the Islamic/Arabic world than did the Western-led Crusades

The fragmentation left openings for the West, though never to the point of re-integration, yet, not singularly insular.Slide9

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y_QB4zGQ79I

https

://www.youtube.com/watch?v=

0ojyCDRc8uc

Printing press (1445

)

and the Literacy EquationSlide10

Printing press (1445

)

and the Literacy Equation

Guttenberg

combined technologies of paper, viscous oil-based ink, winepress, and movable type. These were all available technologies at the time but his was a unique combination

the

press led to more standardized formatting, making tax easier to read

printed

text lowered the prices of books therefore enabled a wider range of purchasers

the ability to produce more books led to the development of publishing as an industry that included printing distribution and that supported authorship and reading.literacy spread from an elite practice to an every day regularity for a wider range of peopleprinting change power relationships between those who knew and those who were learning. All teacher-student relationships shifted: Priest of the faithful, teacher to the student.reading became the dominant communication mediumeven architecture changed as quite spaces needed to be carved out for individualized reading, thinking, reasoning, argument.