Learning Objectives LO 1 Discuss foundational information systems IS hardware concepts LO 2 Describe foundational topics related to system software programming languages and application development environments ID: 752230
Download Presentation The PPT/PDF document "Computer Literacy Foundations of Informa..." is the property of its rightful owner. Permission is granted to download and print the materials on this web site for personal, non-commercial use only, and to display it on your personal computer provided you do not modify the materials and that you retain all copyright notices contained in the materials. By downloading content from our website, you accept the terms of this agreement.
Slide1
Computer
Literacy
Foundations of Information Systems InfrastructureSlide2Slide3
Bachelor of Science (BS)
Computer Information Systems (CIS)
Degree Average SalaryIf your major is Computer Information Systems (CIS), you will learn how to put technology to work. CIS majors study information systems and their use in business and other organizations. They learn about databases, networks, computer security and much, much, more. Job opportunities in this field are projected to grow by 9% from 2018-2028
Job Title/Careers
National Salary
Computer and Information Research Scientist
$118,370
Computer Programmer
$84,280
Computer Systems Analyst
$88,740
Information Security Analyst
$98,350
Programmer Analyst
$74,000
Senior Programmer Analyst
$75,100
Senior Software Engineer / Developer / Programmer
$89,822
Software Developer
$105,590
Software Engineer
$65,000
Systems Administrator
$61,042
Web Developer
$52,000 Slide4
Learning Objectives
LO 1
Discuss foundational information systems (IS) hardware concepts.LO 2 Describe foundational topics related to system software, programming languages, and application development environments.LO 3 Describe foundational networking and Internet concepts.4Slide5
Foundational Topics in IS Hardware
Learning Objective 1
: Discuss foundational information systems (IS) hardware concepts.
Input Technologies
Processing: Transforming Inputs into Outputs
Output Technologies
Programming Languages and Development Environments
5Slide6
Input Technologies
6Slide7
Types of Input Technologies
Well-known input technologies
Pointing devicesMiceTrack padsTouchscreensKeyboardsBar code and RFID scannersFingerprint readersEye-tracking devices for the disabled7Slide8
Entering Batch Data
Large amounts of routine data often reside in paper forms, such as insurance claim forms
To enable automated computer processing, it needs to be entered into computer systemsBulk scanning and uploading of these forms is the standard process for entering them into computer systemsEntering a large quantity of data into a computer system and processing it all at one time is batch processing8Slide9
Specialized Scanners for Inputting Data (Table 1)
Scanner
DescriptionOptical mark recognitionUsed to scan questionnaires and test answer forms (bubble sheets) where answer choices are marked in circles using pencil or penOptical character recognitionUsed to read and digitize typewritten, computer-printed, and even handwritten characters such as patient information in hospitals, or the address on a piece of postal mailBar code readerUsed mostly in grocery stores and other retail businesses to read bar code data at the checkout counter; also used by libraries, banks, hospitals, utility companies, and othersMagnetic ink character recognitionUsed by the banking industry to read data, account numbers, bank codes, and check numbers on preprinted checksBiometric scannerUsed to scan human body characteristics of users to enable everything from access control to payment procurement
9Slide10
Audio and Video Input Devices
Audio Input
Microphones for voice inputOther formsElectronic keyboardsDigital media playerVideo InputWebcamsDigital cameras and camcorders10Slide11
Transforming Inputs into Outputs
11Slide12
The Motherboard
The motherboard holds or connects together a computer’s electronic circuits.
12Slide13
Storage
Primary storage
The internal storage a computer uses to hold software and data while operating and processingCache: a small block (and faster) of memory used by processors to store recent and frequently used instructions and dataSecondary storagePermanent storage, such as a hard drive, used to store both software and data when the computer is in use and between usesRemovable storage mediaStorage that can be removed from the computer, either for safekeeping or to hold and transport data to other computers13Slide14
Ports
Computers can connect to networks and other external devices through ports;
over the years, many different port types have emerged to meet changing user needsCommon ports includeUSB for printer, scanner, mouse, keyboard, digital camera, and external hard drivesEthernet network portsOlder data ports such as serial, mouse, keyboard, MIDI, and modem ports (now often replaced by USB ports)Newer high-speed data ports such as USB, Firewire, Thunderbolt, and HDMI14Slide15
Power Supply
Computers typically need 3.3 to 12 volts of power to function correctly, so they have a built-in power supply to provide this
The power supply in computers has an efficiency rating. High efficiency supplies cost more but waste less power as heat when converting suppliesPower supplies are often plugged into surge protectors to protect computers from external power spikes15Slide16
Output Technologies
Monitors
Originally used cathode ray tubes (CRT)Bulky and heavy glass tubes, power intensiveNewer technologies are thinner, lighter, and use much less power to operateLiquid crystal displays (LCDs) lit by fluorescent tubes or light-emitting diodes (LEDs)Organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs)Touchscreens—the screen is also an input devicePrintersProduce paper outputInk-jet, LED, and laser technologies16Slide17
Foundational Topics in IS Software
Learning Objective 2
: Describe foundational topics related to system software, programming languages, and application development environments.
System Software
Programming Languages and Development Environments
17Slide18
System Software
System software tasks
Booting (or starting) your computerReading programs into memory and managing memory allocationManaging where programs and files are located in secondary storageMaintaining the structure of directories and subdirectoriesFormatting disksControlling the computer monitorSending documents to the printer18Slide19
Common Operating Systems (Table 4)
Operating System
Descriptionz/OSA proprietary operating system for large IBM mainframe systemsUnixA multiuser, multitasking operating system, commonly used because of its superior securityWindowsBy far the most popular in the worldMac OSThe first commercial graphical-based operating system, making its debut in 1984; the operating system of Apple computersLinux
An
open source operating system
designed in 1991 by a Finnish student; Linus powers about one-third of all Web servers
Android
Google
’s Linux-based operating system for mobile devices
iOS
Apple
’s mobile operating system, previously named iPhone OS, also used on the iPod Touch and iPad
19Slide20
Common Types of Computer Software Utilities (Table 5)
Utility
DescriptionBackupArchives files from the hard disk to tapes, flash drives, or other storage devicesFile defragmentationConverts fragmented files into contiguous files that will load and be manipulated more rapidlyDisk/data recoveryRecovers damaged or erased dataData compressionCompresses data, allowing more data to be stored on a storage mediumFile conversionTranslates a file from one format to another
Antivirus
Scans files for viruses and removes or quarantines any virus found
Device driver
Allows the computer to
communicate with various different hardware devices
Spyware detection and removal
Scans a computer for spyware and disables or removes any spyware found
Media player
Allows listening to music or watching video on a computer
20Slide21
Compilers and Interpreters
Compilers and Interpreters translate source code to machine code so the computer can understand it
21Slide22
Programming Languages (Table 6)
Language
ApplicationDescriptionBASICGeneral purposeEasy-to-learn languageC/C++General purposeComplex general purpose languagesCOBOLBusinessTransaction processing on mainframesFORTRANScientificFORmula TRANslator; designed for scientific, math, and engineeringJava
World Wide Web
Highly portable language
.NET Framework
World Wide Web
Variety of Microsoft languages
LISP
Artificial Intelligence
Fast AI language
PERL
World Wide Web
Scripting language
Python
General purpose
Popular object-oriented scripting language
Objective-C
App Development
Evolved from C, program apps for Apple devices
22Slide23
Types of Programming Languages
Object-Oriented Languages
Involve classes, objects, encapsulation, inheritance, and event-driven program executionVisual Programming LanguagesProgramming for graphical user interface (GUI)Web Development LanguagesFor building Web-based applicationsExample: HTML23Slide24
Common HTML
(hypertext markup language )
Tags TagDescription<html>…</html>Delineates an HTML document<head>…</head>Contains the title and other elements that are not displayed on the web page itself<body>…</body>Sets off the visible portion of the document<b>…</b>Creates bold text<a href=“URL”>…</a>Creates a hyperlink<a href=mailto.EMAIL>…</a>Creates a link creating a new e-mail message<p>…</p>
Creates a new paragraph
<table>…</table>
Creates a table
24Slide25
Foundational Topics in Networking
Learning Objective 3
: Describe foundational networking and Internet concepts.
Evolution of Computer Networking
Types of Networks
Packet Switching
Network Standards and Protocols
Network Technologies
The Internet
25Slide26
Centralized Computing
Computing started with mainframe computers that were accessed through terminals
.Terminals were called “dumb” because they contained no processing capabilities of their own.26Slide27
Distributed Computing
With the advent of midrange and personal computers, individuals began to perform some processing tasks on their own computers instead of on the mainframe computers.
A network was necessary to transfer data between the different computers that were performing different processing tasks on the data.27Slide28
Collaborative Computing
In collaborative computing,
processing is distributed to multiple computers, but instead of each computer performing some distinct and standalone processing task, multiple computers can work together to perform a processing task collaboratively.28Slide29
Types of Networks: PBX
A
Private Branch Exchange, or PBX, is a network to connect phone lines together and link them to external extensionsThis minimizes the number of external extensions a company had to purchasePBXs use ordinary phone lines designed for voice traffic with very limited data throughput capabilities29Slide30
Types of Networks: LAN
A local area network (LAN)
spans a relatively short distance such as within a single building, connecting the computers within its area togetherThere are physical limitations on how long a LAN segment can be, typically 100 meters using copper wire, but multiple segments can be connected together with switches.30Slide31
Types of Networks: Wide Area Networks (WAN)
Campus Area Networks
Metropolitan Area NetworksEnterprise WANsValue-Added NetworkGlobal Network (Internet)31Slide32
Type of Networks: Personal Area Network (PAN)
Personal area networks (PAN)
connect items in very close proximity, less than 30 feet, together. PANs use Bluetooth, for example, to connect wireless headphones to an MP3 player or connect a car’s hands-free microphone and speaker system to a driver’s cell phone.32Slide33
Packet Switching
Most data networks use packet switching
Messages are broken up into packets, which are sent individually to the destinationThe receiving computer assembles the packets back into the messageThis allows packets from different messages to be intermingled on the network33Slide34
Network Standards and Protocols
Standards are critical to the success of the Internet; everyone plays by the same rules
Open Systems Interconnection ModelDivides computer-to-computer communications into seven connected layersTransmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP)The Internet’s standard communication language, dictates how messages are broken into packets and later reassembledEthernetLAN protocol developed by Xerox in 1976, allows multiple types of data (including IP datagrams) to flow over the LAN34Slide35
Network Topologies
LANs and networks have been implemented with multiple topologies, including:
Star Ring
Bus Mesh
35Slide36
Network Technologies: Hardware
(Table 8)
Networking HardwareDescriptionSwitchA switch is used to connect multiple computers, servers, or printers to create a networkRouterA router is an intelligent device used to connect two or more individual networks. When a router receives a data packet, it looks at the network address and passes the packet on to the appropriate network. Routers are commonly used to connect a LAN to a WAN, such as the InternetWireless access pointA wireless access point transmits and receives wire-less (Wi-Fi) signals to allow wireless devices to connect to the networkWireless controllerA wireless controller manages multiple access points and can be used to manage transmission power and channel allocation throughout a building.
36Slide37
Network Technologies: Cable Media
Twisted Pair
Coaxial
Fiber Optic
37Slide38
Network Technologies:
Wireless Media
Infrared Line of SightHigh-Frequency RadioMicrowave TransmissionTerrestrial: requires line-of-siteSatellite: costly, but can reach remote sites38Slide39
Network Technologies:
Satellite Orbits
(Table 9)NameDistance from EarthCharacteristics/Common ApplicationLow Earth Orbit (LEO) Satellite400-1,000 milesMapping mineral deposits, monitoring ice caps, coastlines, volcanoes, and rain forests; researching plan changes, monitoring wildlife habitats and changes, search and rescue; research projects in astronomy and physicsMedium Earth Orbit (MEO)1,000-22,300 milesPrimarily used in geographical positioning systems (such as global positioning systems)Geosynchronous Earth Orbit (GEO)22,300 milesFixed in space in relation to the rotation of the earth. Because it is fixed in space, transmissions simplified. Transmission of high-speed data for television, weather information, remote Internet connections, etc.
39Slide40
The Internet: How Did It Get Started?
U.S. Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) in late 1960s
Studied ways to interconnect networksCreated the Advanced Research Projects Agency Network (ARPANET) linking universities and research centersU.S. National Science Foundation (NSF) 1986Development of the National Science Foundation Network (NSFNET)Tied into ARPANETOther networks then connected to the growing Internet40Slide41
Methods for Connecting to the Internet (Table 10)
Service
Current Status and Future OutlookTypical BandwidthDial-upAlthough still used in the United States, there are very few new dialup customers52 KbpsIntegrated Services Digital NetworkThis technology has limited market share because of its expense. This market, as with Dial-up, should dry up128 KbpsCableCoaxial cable used for cable TV provides much greater bandwidth.Upload up to 31 Mbps Download: 4.5-50 MbpsDSLDSL technology has gained market share from cable. With higher speed, should continue to cut into cableUpload up to 16 Mbps Download: 1.5-50 Mbps
Satellite
Although once promising, users are moving away for faster service
Upload: 50Kbps
Download: 5 Mbps
Wireless broadband
Wireless broadband offers the most promise of any of the current technologies
Up to 1 Gbps
Fiber to the home
Fiber to the home has been adopted by several major players in the ISP industry
At least 100 Mbps, up to 1000 Mbps
41Slide42
The Internet: The Internet Backbone
This is a picture showing the Internet backbone for the United States.
It is a partial mesh, giving it redundancy and fault tolerance42