Please pick up a unit guide and Class Notes 12 from the cart T ake out Focus 12 and use the first 10 minutes of class completing Part II and whatever you havent finished for Part I Compare notes with your table ID: 589979
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Slide1
Intro to “The Young Republic” Unit, the Bill of Rights, and Hamilton vs. Jefferson
Please pick up a unit guide and Class Notes #12 from the cart.
T
ake out Focus #12
and
use
the first 10 minutes of class completing Part II and whatever you haven’t finished for Part I. Compare notes with your table.
We will:
*preview “The Young Republic” unit
*focus on the Bill of Rights
*evaluate how Hamilton and Jefferson helped to shape the first two-party systemSlide2
America’s New Republic is Born
The
Constitution
was signed September 17, 1787 in Philadelphia and sent to the states for ratification by the Confederation Congress.Despite opposition from Anti-Federalists who feared the Constitution’s broad powers, the Federalists won the ratification debate in key states like New York and Virginia.The Federalist Papers, written by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay in 1788 played a key role in persuading the states to vote for ratification.
A Boston newspaper kept track of which states has ratified throughout 1787-89 Slide3
The First President
After
New Hampshire
, Virginia, and New York ratified the Constitution in the summer of 1788 (becoming the 9th, 10th, and 11
th states to do so) plans were made to create the new national government.
The first capital would be in
New York
, where
Congress
met for the first time on March 4, 1789.
George Washington
took the first presidential oath of office on April 30, 1789 after being unanimously elected by the
electoral college
. He served as president for two terms (1789-1797).Slide4
The First Congress Takes Action
Among its first actions, Congress proposed a
Bill of Rights
and sent it to the states for ratification. Anti-Federalists had demanded the addition of such amendments as a condition of supporting the Constitution’s ratification.James Madison drafted the document and drew inspiration from George Mason’s Virginia Declaration of Rights.The first ten amendments were ratified on December 15, 1791.Congress also passed the Judiciary Act of 1789 that set up the federal courts system, including the Supreme Court.Slide5
The Bill of Rights (Amendments I-V)
I
Freedom of Religion, Speech, Press, Assembly, and Petition
The essential freedoms necessary for all citizens to express their viewsIIRight to Bear ArmsCitizens have the right to defend themselvesIIINo Quartering of Troops in Private Homes in Peacetime
Standin
g military forces are a threat to freedom (memory of British troops?)
IV
“Right to Privacy” –’ no unwarranted searches
Needed
to protect
property
rights (memory of the writs?)
V
Rights of the Accused Guaranteed
by Due Process
Limits government’s power
to take away freedom/propertySlide6
The Bill of Rights (Amendments VI-X)
VI
Right to a Speedy & Public Trial by Jury
Aims to guarantee justice for all citizensVIIRight to a Trial by Jury in Civil CasesApplies fair trial standards to property casesVIII
No Cruel or Unusual Punishment
Fines and
punishments should not violate basic human decency
IX
“Rights” Not Limited by Thos
e Spelled Out
Avoids
limiting rights
X
Powers Reserved to the States and People
Designed to limit national government power and preserve state’s rightsSlide7
Washington’s First Cabinet
Washington created the first
Cabinet
of executive officers to help him administer the government: Secretary of State: Thomas Jefferson (Virginia) – handled foreign affairs and official government documentsAttorney General: Edmund Randolph
(Virginia
) – chief lawyer for the national government
Secretary of the Treasury: Alexander Hamilton
(
New York
) – managed the government’s finances
Secretary of War: Henry Knox
(
Massachusetts
) – ran the military and managed Indian affairsSlide8
Hamilton vs. Jefferson
Even though Washington sought to maintain unity, a division emerged within his Cabinet between Hamilton and Jefferson
These disagreements led to the creation of the nation’s first two political parties – Federalists and Republicans
At the end of today’s class, you will be asked to choose which leader and party appeals most to you:Hamilton and the Federalists Jefferson and the
RepublicansSlide9
Personal Differences
Hamilton was born out of wedlock in the British West Indies
Orphaned at an early age
Benefactors provided him with money to study in New York (King’s College – aka, Columbia)Served as Washington’s aide de camp during the Revolutionary WarDrafted The Federalist Papers with Madison/JayFirst Secretary of the TreasuryJefferson was born to wealthy parents in VirginiaHad a relatively sheltered upbringingStudied at William & Mary CollegeServed in the House of Burgesses and the Continental CongressDrafted the Declaration of IndependenceServed as Ambassador to France in the late 1780s
First Secretary of StateSlide10
Views on People
Leader/Party
Hamilton (Federalists)
Jefferson (Republicans)View of People*people are focused on their own self-interestand can’t be trusted*only the wealthy and well-educated should be trusted with power*people are generally good and can be trusted
*power in the hands of a few will lead to corruption in government
View of Leadership
*wealthy
urban elites have the best interests of the country at heart and are better educated to make good decisions
*citizen-farmers are the “heart” of the nation
and can make the best decisions if provided with good informationSlide11
Views on Government
Leader/Party
Hamilton (Federalists)
Jefferson (Republicans)View of Government*strong centralized government can best defend natural rights*state sovereignty leads to disunity/weakness*strong centralized governments are dangerous*states are best suited to protect the people’s rightsView of the Constitution
*liked the wide-ranging
powers of government
*loose interpretation
(liked the elastic clause)
*concerned
it granted too much power
*strict interpretation
(liked the 10
th
Amendment)Slide12
Views on Domestic Policy
Leader/Party
Hamilton (Federalists)
Jefferson (Republicans)Debt & Taxes*favored centralized management of national and state debts*favored excise taxes and tariffs to raise revenue and protect American industry*favored state management of debts and taxation
*distrusted the national government acquiring too much power over the economy and too much money
Central Bank
*wanted
a powerful bank to support government and business
*distrusted
giving too much power to potentially corrupt wealthy elitesSlide13
Views on Foreign Policy
Leader/Party
Hamilton (Federalists)
Jefferson (Republicans)French RevolutionBritain vs. France*distrusted the radical French Revolution*pro-British – wanted to model our system on the British system of strong government and banks*supported the French Revolution
*pro-French – wanted to honor our alliance with France even if it meant war with Britain
Jay’s Treaty (1794)
*believed it was the best agreement possible and necessary
to keep peace with Britain
*believed it was a “sell-out” to the
British because we didn’t get all that we wanted Slide14
Two Visions for the Country
Hamilton envisioned a future based on urban elites and the growth of commerce and industry
Federalists found support in major port cities and the North in general
Jefferson saw a future based on responsible citizen-farmers and an expanding agrarian republic Republicans found support in rural areas and especially in the SouthSlide15
Conflict #1: National Debt & National CapitalIn 1790, Congress refused to pass Hamilton’s debt assumption plan because of opposition from James Madison and other Southerners who thought it gave too much power to the national government
Once an ally of Hamilton in the ratification debate, Madison distrusted Hamilton’s views on executive
power
Madison and other Southerners wanted the nation’s permanent capital located in the South Jefferson helped work out the “Compromise of 1790” Madison supported Hamilton’s debt plan in exchange for Hamilton’s pledge to support the choice of the Potomac as the site of the nation’s new capitalSlide16
Conflict #2: The Whiskey RebellionWashington led 15,000 militia into western Pennsylvania and put an end to the rebellion, asserting the power of the national government
Western Pennsylvania farmers rebelled against high excise taxes on whiskey in 1794
Federalists argued that national power must be asserted to demonstrate the new country’s stability and to make the point that challenges to government policy must be peaceful
Republicans supported the farmers, arguing that the excise taxes were an unfair burdenSlide17
Who/what appeals to you more and why?Federalists vs. RepublicansHamilton vs. Jefferson Security vs. LibertySlide18
Before we leave…Turn in Focus 12: The Bill of Rights for the first formative grade of 2nd quarter.Complete Homework 6 for our next class on Thursday – first quarter grades and tests will be distributed at the start of that class.