Chapter 38: Origins of the Cold War - PowerPoint Presentation

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Chapter 38: Origins of the Cold War (the “grim struggle for world power between the U.S.A. and the U.S.S.R. in the post World War II world”)

How did the United States and the Soviet Union become Cold War adversaries?Slide2
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Roots of the Cold WarPhilosophical Differences

Philosophical differences between the USSR and the USA reached back to the 1920s.

USSR: communism, totalitarian dictatorship, the state makes the economic decisions so the proletariat (working class) can share society’s wealth (collectivism = equality)

United States: free-enterprise capitalism, republic, democracy, business owners decide what to produce and consumers decide what to buy (competition = inequality)

World War II Conflicts

Allies during the war, but not truly friends

Soviets wanted British and Americans to open a second European front earlier in the war.

U.S. atomic bomb plans worried Soviet Union.Slide4

1945: A Key Year in World HistoryYalta (February)

Stalin, Churchill and FDR meet

Agree to divide Germany into

4 zones of occupation

Agree to support self-government

and free elections in Eastern Europe

FDR was hopeful the wartime allies would maintain friendlyrelationsSlide5

1945: A Key Year in World HistoryPotsdam (July)

Stalin, Attlee and TRUMAN (FDR died in April) meet

It is agreed to also divide BerlinSlide6

1945: A Key Year in World HistoryPotsdam (July)

Truman learns of the first successful test of our atomic bomb

He let Stalin know it because Stalin’s Soviet troops remained in Eastern Europe and where “free” elections were held, Communists always won

Stalin wanted Eastern Europe to be a buffer zone offering protection from attack to the USSR

These would come to be called “satellite nations”

Truman believed in a free Eastern Europe

(allow self-determination)The USA stops aid to the USSRSlide7

The Cost of World War II Impacts Decision-Making: Did the USA and USSR Share the Hardships Equally in WWII?

USSR

20,000,000 Soviet citizens died (soldiers and civilians)

Starvation, German prisoner camps

Soviet cities were demolished

USA

290,000 American citizens diedCivilian casualties only at Pearl Harbor (also the only attack on American soil)Slide8

The Postwar WorldOnly the two superpowers remained after two devastating wars in 30 yearsTheir size, economic strength and military ability allows them to dominate global affairs

Nations of the world were left to align themselves with one or the otherSlide9

1946Stalin delivers a speech that indicates that capitalism always leads to war and conflict over scarce resources

Seemingly suggests that communism should replace capitalism

George Kennan (Amer. diplomat/Soviet expert)

Enunciates a policy of containment in

his “Long Telegram”

The US must combat Russian

“expansive tendencies”USSR refuses to remove troops from Iran until pressured by the US (proof of “expansive tendencies”?)Slide10

1946The nuclear stakes grow when the United States detonates two more atomic weapons in the Marshall Islands of the Pacific Ocean

The American nuclear monopoly was ending however, as the Soviets were racing to develop their own nuclear weaponSlide11

The Role of the United NationsBernard Baruch appeals to the UN Atomic Energy

Commission to control the raw materials used in atomic bomb creation and ban any future

bomb production

(remember, who has the only one…for now?)

The USSR rejects the idea when

the US refuses to destroy all of

its nuclear weaponsSlide12

An “Iron Curtain” Divided Europe

1946: Winston Churchill

describes the division of

Europe caused by the USSR

Hegemony = a dominating

influence of one country

over anotherFrom Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic an iron curtain has descended across the Continent.Slide13

The Truman Doctrine

Truman stressed the duty of the United States to combat totalitarian regimes worldwide.

His March 12, 1947 speech specifically called for $400 million in aid to be delivered to Greece and Turkey.

The Doctrine demonstrated the new American foreign policy as a policy of

containment

of Soviet expansion.

Historians often use it to mark the starting date of the Cold War. Slide14

A Clash Of Beliefs

AMERICAN LEADERS BELIEVED:

Democratic governments that protected people’s rights made countries more stable

Economic growth was the key to world peace

Economic growth should be promoted by increasing world trade

The free enterprise system (capitalism) was the best route to prosperity

SOVIET LEADERS BELIEVED:

Communism was a superior system that would replace capitalism

Economic growth should be managed and controlled by a government that seeks to meet their peoples’ needs

Communism should be encouraged in other nations

Capitalist countries would try to destroy communism and should be approached with suspicionSlide15

Conflicting Points of ViewFor the U.S.

Communist takeovers were brutal attempts to crush democracy

A nuclear monopoly ensured world peace

For the U.S.S.R.

The U.S. was determined to destroy Communism

The nuclear monopoly was all about American strength

Truman and Congress pass the National Security ActCreates the National Security Council (NSC) to advise the presidentCreates the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) to gather information and analyze foreign intelligenceSlide16

The Marshall Plan Rebuilds Europe

The Marshall Plan was proposed to help Europe begin its ascent from the ashes of World War II ($13.3 billion by 1952 and the end of the program)

Secretary of State George Marshall offered the same aid to the USSR and its allies, but they did not accept it. Slide17
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The hope was to oppose

Communism, spread

democracy, boost the

American economy and win allies

The Soviets respond with the Molotov Plan to rebuild Eastern Europe and foster mutual assistance with the USSRSlide19

Chapter 39: The Cold War Expands

Were the methods used by the United States to contain Communism justified?Slide20

The Berlin Airlift (6/1948 – 5/1949)

Remember: Post war Germany was divided into 4 sections

The city of Berlin, was also divided into four sectors

The USSR attempted to control all of Berlin by cutting surface traffic to and from the city of West Berlin

Starving out the population and cutting off their business was their method of gaining control.

What could the USA do?

The only way in was through the airWhat would Stalin do in response?Slide21

The U.S.A. and the R.A.F. delivered 2,326,406 tons of food and supplies on 278,228 total flights Operation Little Vittles: over a ton of candy

The C-47s and C-54s together flew over 92 million miles in the process.

At the height of the airlift, one plane reached West Berlin every thirty seconds.

Stalin “

unblockades

” Berlin (we win!)Slide22

NATO (1949) and Warsaw Pact (1955)

The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) was established as an international organization for defense collaboration aligning nations opposed to Soviet expansion.

Similarly, the Warsaw Pact was signed by eastern European nations in an effort to combat NATO.

Both are based on the idea of collective security

This map shows the division of Europe between the NATO Treaty (green) and the Warsaw Pact (orange). The United States and Canada are also part of NATO. Slide23

NSC-68

Argued that one of the most pressing threats confronting the United States was the "hostile design" of the Soviet Union

The Soviet threat would soon be greatly augmented by the addition of more weapons, including nuclear weapons.

The best course of action was to respond in kind with a massive build-up of the U.S. military and its weaponry Slide24
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The Cold War in Asia

The Chinese Civil War

Mao Zedong (Communist)

vs.

Chiang Kai-

Shek

(Nationalist)

who were allies during

WWII against Japan

The United States aided the

Nationalists with massive economic loans but no military support

Battles raged not only for territories but also for the allegiance of cross sections of the population.

Communists field commanders defeated Nationalist forces in the late 1940s and established the People’s Republic of China (Red China) in October 1949

(the same year the USSR gets the bomb)

The Nationalists flee to TaiwanSlide26

The United Nations Security Council

The Council is composed of five permanent members — China, France, the Russian Federation (USSR then), the United Kingdom and

the USA

And ten non-permanent members (2 year terms)

9 votes to approve an action BUT the five permanent members have veto powerSlide27

Korean War (1950-1953)

After WWII, Korea divided at 38th parallel

North was communist, South was not

1950: North Korea (supported by Soviet resources) invaded South Korea (supported by the UN and the US)

Soviets boycotting UN for U.S. refusal to allow "Red China" into UN Security Council

Forces led by Gen. Douglas MacArthur

to push back communists

China sends hundreds of thousands of troops to push back UNResult: 54,000 American killed, cease-fire and border at 38th parallel restored; still in existence todaySlide28

When Douglas MacArthur wanted to expand the war into China he was fired by TrumanSlide29

Fighting the Cold War in Other Parts of the WorldThe First World: The “West” (the U.S.A., Canada, Western Europe, Japan)

The Second World: The “East” (the U.S.S.R., China and Eastern Europe)

The Third World: poor developing countries in Central and South America, Africa and the Middle East

Many newly free colonies looking for help from either the U.S. and our allies or the Soviet Union and their alliesSlide30

During the Cold War, many conflicts broke out around the world.

Some were guerrilla wars and others were between rival factions in a country.

Almost all of them, were tied directly or indirectly to the global struggle between the East and the West.Slide31

Influencing Hearts and Minds

Cold War propaganda from the

U.S.I.A.

United States Information Agency

“Radio Liberty” broadcasts, the

Voice of America

Funds for agriculture, health orother social and economic purposes (often military aid)Dictators in Nicaragua and Haiti used American assistance to tighten their grip on powerOther nations were denied aid as punishmentSlide32

World War III in Egypt?In 1956, Egyptian president

Gamal

Abdel Nasser nationalizes the British controlled Suez Canal

Nationalization is when a country takes control of a resource in that country formerly controlled by a different country

He wanted to build the Aswan Dam on the Nile River

Britain and France meet with Israel and plan the attack thinking they would receive U.S. support

The U.S.S.R. threatens to back the Egyptians with military forceWhen the Suez Crisis begins, the U.S. actively seeks the aid

of the United Nations to get Great Britain, France and Israel out of Egypt

Weakens the power/presence

of the French and British in Africa

The Soviets build the dam with the EgyptiansSlide33

Covert ActionCovert = secret political, economic or military operation that supports a foreign policy initiative

Gathering information through satellites, spies and wiretapping

Francis Gary Powers flying a U-2 high altitude spy plane was shot down embarrassing the United States and increasing Soviet distrust (page 503)

The C.I.A. was often used to overthrow or support the overthrow of “unfriendly” governments that we needed on our side

Especially in the Middle East (oil) and Central and South America (location)Slide34

The Deadly Arms Race1952: the U.S. develops the H-Bomb (500x more powerful than the bombs dropped during the war)…it

was nicknamed “The Super”

Submarines were equipped with nuclear missiles

I.C.B.M.s (Intercontinental Ballistic Missiles)

A New Policy with a New Secretary of State

John Foster Dulles develops the idea of brinkmanship

If you are scared to go to the brink, you are lostRed (mainland) China attacks Nationalist (Taiwan) ChinaThe U.S. threatens a nuclear attack unless the Comm. government backs off and ends the attacksThe Communist Chinese do back down

(…but what if they didn’t??)Slide35

M.A.D.Mutually Assured Destruction

Based on deterrence (the U.S.S.R. would not dare attack the U.S. with the nuclear arsenal it was building)

S.A.L.T. later in the Cold War (1970s)

Strategic Arms Limitation Talks

I.N.F. Treaty (1980s)

Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces TreatySlide36

Chapter 40: Fighting the Cold War at Home

How did anxieties raised by the Cold War affect life in the United States?Slide37

Searching for Communists in the United States (a 2nd Red Scare)

The House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) investigated the full range of radical groups in the United States including Fascists and Communists

Also investigated Hollywood actors, writers and directors

Feared the influence of movies in society

Blacklists: if you were suspected of being a Communist or Communist sympathizer you could not find any more work in HollywoodSlide38

Federal Employee Loyalty ProgramRequired federal employees to take loyalty oaths

All federal employee were investigated.

Those found to be disloyal to the United States were barred from federal employment.

The McCarran Act limited the rights of Communist organizations.

Several spy cases in the late

1940s fueled fears of

communism.Slide39

Alger Hiss, Klaus Fuchs and the Rosenbergs

Alger Hiss

State Department official and adviser to FDR at Yalta was convicted of passing secrets to the USSR

Klaus Fuchs

Worked on the Manhattan Project and passed information to Soviet scientists

Ethel and Julius Rosenberg

Also passed nuclear secrets to the USSRThe only American civilians executed for spying during the Cold WarSlide40

The Rise and Fall of Joseph McCarthy

Joseph McCarthy was a senator who claimed that there were 205 known Communists working for the U.S. Department of State.

Truman ignored him and his charges.

McCarthy’s claims were rarely backed up with any evidence, but this didn’t stop him from gaining a reputation as being the nation’s top Communist fighter.

A political cartoonist dubbed McCarthy’s tactic of spreading fear and making baseless charges McCarthyism.

McCarthyism spread beyond the Senate into other branches of government, into universities, into labor unions, and into private businesses.Slide41

The Rise and Fall of Joseph McCarthy

Finally, in 1954 McCarthy went too far when he accused both the army and President Dwight Eisenhower of being

“soft on Communism”

McCarthy was censured by

the Senate

Formally scolded/reprimanded

He faded from the national scene but his Communist “witch hunt” caused great damage to individualsSlide42

Living with Nuclear AnxietyHollywood used aliens as metaphors for whom?Slide43

Civil Defense and PreparednessGround Zero

The impact point of a nuclear bomb

Federal Civil Defense Administration

distributed manuals and guidelines to help citizens prepare for a surprise attack

Emergency sirens, fallout shelters, bomb shelters

Questions were raised about the

evacuation of large cities and the survivability of a nuclear warSlide44
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The “Duck and Cover” GenerationSlide46