Political make up Mingling races Structure of Society Wretched Bachelors are disenfranchised by VA Assembly in 1670 Economy Trade and Production Roles in Society Political make up 1700 300000 20000 were black ID: 334896
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Slide1
Colonial Society on the Eve of Revolution
Political make up
Mingling races
Structure of Society
Wretched Bachelors are disenfranchised by
VA Assembly in 1670
Economy, Trade, and Production
Roles in SocietySlide2
Political make up
1700= 300,000 (20,000 were black)1775= 2.5 million (1/2 million were black)Immigrants= 400,000Forced immigrants sameDoubled every 25 yearsPopulation growth changed population balance1700= Colonists to English subjects ratio 1:20
1775= 1:3Slide3
Political make up
VA
MA
PANC
MD
90 % Lived in rural areasSlide4
Mingling races
PA: Germans (Deutsch) = 6% 150,000 by 1775Fleeing religious restriction and persecution, economic oppression and warAdopted Lutheran and other protestant faiths Street signs in German and EnglishClung to language and customs Slide5
Mingling races
PA, NC, SC: Scots-Irish= 7% 175,000 by 1775Scotish Lowlanders experienced turbulence, transplanted to N Ireland= no prosperityScotish
Presbetarians lashed with Irish-Catholics: Resentment English Government imposed economic restrictions on linens and woolen exportsPugnacious, individualisticMost land taken by Germans“great wagon road” Superb frontiersmenSlide6
Mingling races
5% were multiple nationalities French Hugenouts, Welsh, Dutch, Swededs, Jews, Irish, Swiss, Scotish
HighlandersHad little loyalty to the crownLargest non-English group= Africans-20% in 1775Heavily concentrated in the South Slide7
Paxton Boys 1764: protested Quaker oligarchy’s lenient policy toward NativesRegulator Movement in NC: nasty insurrection vs. England’s dominance of colonial affairs
Structure of Society:Protesting Social Structure Slide8
NE: Puritans (originally) least diverseMiddle Colonies: later immigrants caused diversity“What is this new American, this new man?”“Praying towns”Blurred boundaries
Shiny new equality and opportunity (except slavery)No divided social classOf the 56 signers of the Declaration of Independence: 18 non-English, 8 not born in the colonies
Structure of Society“What then is this American, the new man?” Slide9
A new place for the footloose former indentured servantIndentured servants eventually become prosperous “Jayle birds” Oppressed slaves
Fear of black rebellionStructure of Society
Social StratificationSlide10
ClergyPhysiciansFishing, whaling, shipbuildingLand speculation “Kill devil” rumFur trade
Iron forges Etc Roles in SocietySlide11
Economy, Trade, and Production
Population Increase caused dependence on British productionBritain’s slow population growth caused saturation pointTransportation of goods along the roadSlide12
Colonial Society on the Eve of the Revolution
Education, Colonial Colleges as a Result
Freedoms and Rights Addressed
Establishing colonial governments
Wretched Bachelors are disenfranchised by
VA Assembly in 1670Slide13
1730’s and 1740’s Exploded like fire in prairie grassLiberal ideas of enlightened thinkingAge of ReasonSpiritual conversion, not necessary for membership
Great AwakeningSlide14
Mainly Anglican and CongregationalAnglican: official faiths in GA, NC, SC, VA, MD, and part of NY Attempted elsewhere unsuccessfullyAccepted more sociallyClergy needed trainingCongregational: New England Colonies (except RI)
Crown supported churches through taxesReligious DenominationsSlide15
Road to the American Revolution 1754-1775
Relationship with BritainThe French and Indian WarThe Imperial Crisis and Resistance to Britain
Philosophy of the American Revolution Slide16
WWhat ways did the French and Indian War alter the political, economic, and ideological between Britain and its American colonies?
French & Indian WarSlide17
Broader Significance
Changed ForeverBalance of power in No. AmericaRelationship between Indians & EuropeansRelationships between Britain & No. American coloniesSlide18
Causes History of Anglo-French conflictsNorth America, the British and the French
Vie for Power over the Ohio River ValleyFrench Forts in Ohio Valley stop colonists from moving west. Initially – alliances with Native American does tip the scales in favor of the French 1756 War is Declared! Slide19
1754 - ClashOhio River Valley British French Fort Necessity Fort Duquesne
G. Washington Delaware & Shawnee Slide20
The Albany Congress
June 19 – July 11 – Daily meetings Seven Colonies – David Lithgow, Painting – Mural. 1939Slide21
Albany Plan (1754)Reps. from N.E., NY, PA (Franklin), MD Albany Plan (Franklin)Iroquois threatened switch
sidesColonial legislatures Slide22
Map of Crucial BattlesSlide23
Key Events & BattlesSlide24
Impact of the WarTensions over:Organization & DisciplineMethods of fightingFinancing the War
Resulting British attitudes toward colonistsResulting colonial attitudes toward British governmentEffect on inter-colonial relationships? British and colonial attitudesSlide25
Treaty of Paris 1763
France transferred Canada & all land east of Mississippi River (Ohio Valley) to BritainFrance ceded New Orleans & all claims west of Mississippi River to Spain (Spain cedes Florida to Britain
France granted some of Caribbean Islands & all interests in India to BritainSlide26
CrisisImperial Crisis1763-1775Slide27
Results of the War
Greatly larger colonial empire in No. AmericaHuge War DebtResentment toward colonists (military & financial role in war)
Reorganization of American EmpireGeorge III (ruled 1760-1820) Slide28
Proclamation of 1763
All lands west of the Appalachians reserved for Indians
British Reason:To stop conflict between the Colonists and the Indians and save them $$$$Colonial Reaction:
Frustrated and thought this was an attempt to limit freedom
Discussion Question #1Slide29
Currency Act 1764
Colonist forbidden to make paper money legal tender
British Reason:British merchants worried about the loss of value of Virginia’s paper money. All taxes were to be paid in specie
Colonial Reaction:Specie would leave the colonies to pay the troops (form of taxes). Colonists would be left without money. They resorted to the barter system to bypass the law
Discussion Question #9Slide30
Sugar Act 1764
Decreased duty on imported molasses in an attempt to stop bribes; put new taxes on indigo, sugar, coffee, wine and textiles.
Violators tried in admiralty courts not local courtsBritish Reason:
Raise revenue “for defraying the expenses of defending, protecting, and securing” -GrenvilleColonial Reaction:FURIOUS! How dare they?
Discussion Question #7Slide31
Quartering Act 1765
Colonists must supply British troops with living quarters, bedding, food, beer, cider and rum.
British Reason:Most soldiers quartered in public buildings, but when away from cities would need to be in private homes.
Colonial Reaction:Most refused to comply
Discussion Question #10Slide32
Stamp Act 1765
Required stamp tax on all legal documents, newspapers, pamphlets, playing cards, dice, and all other printed material.
Violators tried by Admiralty Courts.British Reason:To raise revenue
Colonial Reaction:Colonists burned tax collectors in effigy and tarred and feathered them
Discussion Question #11Slide33
1770 Repeal of the Townshend Acts
Lord North, first lord of the Treasury urges Parliament to repeal all taxes except tax on tea
Colonial Reaction:Colonists were still resentful.The tea tax was a slap in the faceSlide34
The Gaspee Incident (1772)
The Gaspee was a British Royal Navy ship assigned to customs duty.
would regularly stop merchant ships to examine their cargo looking for illegal goodsThe Gaspee ran aground in Narragansett Bay, near Providence. a group of men boarded the Gaspee and set the ship on fire.
No one came forward, and no one was ever charged for the offence.British Reaction:The British began to directly pay the governors' salary, rather than being paid by the colonies.
Colonial Reaction:The colonies saw this as another step to put them under British control, and to eliminate their freedoms.Slide35
The Road
to Revolution:(1770-1776)Slide36
The Boston Massacre
(March 5,1770)Slide37
1770 Boston “Massacre”
March 5, 1770 a group of colonists were taunting and throwing snowballs at British soldiers. Shots were fired and 5 were killed, 6 wounded.
Colonial Reaction:Sam Adams and the Sons of Liberty fueled the propaganda machine and proclaimed this a “Massacre”. The colonists were minding their own business and were fired upon. However the truth is much different
Discussion Question #22Slide38
The Gaspee Incident
(1772)
Providence, RI coastSlide39
Committees
of Correspondence
Purpose warn neighboring colonies
about incidents with Br.
broaden the resistance
movement.Slide40
Tea Act
(1773)
British East India Co.:
Monopoly on Br. tea imports.
Many members of Parl. held shares.
Permitted the Co. to sell tea directly to
cols. without col. middlemen (cheaper tea!)
North expected the
cols. to eagerly choose
the cheaper tea.Slide41
Boston Tea Party
(1773)Slide42
1773 Boston Tea Party
Colonists dressed as Indians, boarded 3 ships in Boston Harbor and dumped the tea.
This was the colonists reaction to the order that ships could not leave until the “cheap” tea was unloaded.Ever wonder why a country of “Englishmen” would become a country of coffee drinkers?Slide43
The Suffolk Resolves 1774
Denounced Intolerable Acts and ignored punitive actions on Massachusetts after the Boston Tea Party
Encouraged making their own militia
Encouraged the boycott of British goods
Delivered to the First Continental Congress by Paul RevereFor the first time, ‘Americans must prepare for war’, first time that three-letter word was used
The militancy in Massachusetts in arming citizen-soldiers against the British is solidifiedMassachusetts made an attempt at a militia, which fought at Lexington and Concord
Hint: took up where the Virginia Resolves left off after the Stamp Act.Slide44
The Coercive or Intolerable
Acts (1774)
Lord North
1.
Port Bill
2. Government Act
4. Administration of
Justice Act
3.
New Quartering
ActSlide45
The Coercive or Intolerable
Acts (1774)
Lord North
1.
Boston harbor closed until tea paid for2.
Massachusetts constitution changed increasing governor’s power and banning town meetings4. Administration of
Justice Act – British soldiers and government officials will be tried in Britain
3.
New Quartering Act – all troops will be quartered in townSlide46
The Quebec Act
(1774)Slide47
America Secedes from the Empire
1774- First Continental Congress1775- Lexington and ConcordMay 10, 1775- Second Continental Congress
May, 1775- TiconderogaJune 17, 1775- Battle of Bunker HillJuly 1775- Olive Branch PetitionAugust, 1775- King formally proclaims colonists are in rebellion and skirmishes are considered treasonous. Hessians are hired as mercenariesDecember 31, 1775- Assault on QuebecJanuary, 1776- British set fire to Norfolk, VAMarch, 1776- British forced to evacuate BostonSlide48
Steps to Declaration of Independence
1776- Common SenseJune 7, 1776- Resolution made by Richard Henry Lee
July 4th, 1776- DoI Approved by CongressSlide49
First Continental Congress
(1774)
55 delegates from 12 colonies
Agenda How to respond to the Coercive Acts & the Quebec Act?
1 vote per colony represented.Slide50
The British Are Coming
. . .
Paul Revere & William Dawes make their midnight ride to warn the
Minutemen of approaching British soldiers.Slide51
The Shot Heard
’Round the World!
Lexington
& Concord
– April 18,1775Slide52
The Second Continental Congress
(1775)
Olive Branch PetitionSlide53
Thomas Paine
: Common Sense 1776
1776Slide54
Declaration of Independence
(1776)Slide55
Declaration
of Independence
Sharply Separates
Loyalists and PatriotsSlide56
Independence HallSlide57
New National SymbolsSlide58
The
American
Revolution:1775-1783Slide59
Britain
Americans
Advantages
?
?
Disadvantages
?
?
On the Eve of the Revolution ?Slide60
Loyalist
StrongholdsSlide61
Washington’s Headaches
Only 1/3 of the colonists were in favor of a war for independence [the other third were Loyalists, and the final third were neutral].
State/colony loyalties.
Congress couldn’t tax to raise money for the Continental
Army.Poor training [until
the arrival of Baron von Steuben.Slide62
Military Strategies
Attrition [the Brits had a long supply line].
Guerilla tactics [fight an insurgent war
you don’t have to win a battle, just wear the British down]
Make an alliance with one of Britain’s enemies.
The Americans
The British
Break the colonies in half by getting between the No. & the So.
Blockade the ports to prevent the flow of goods and supplies from an ally.
“Divide and Conquer”
use the Loyalists.Slide63
Phase I
:
The Northern Campaign[1775-1776]Slide64
Bunker Hill (June, 1775)
The British suffered over 40% casualties.Slide65
Phase II
:NY & PA[1777-1778]Slide66
New York City in Flames
(1776)Slide67
Saratoga:
“Turning Point” of the War?
A modern-day re-enactmentSlide68
Phase III
: The Southern Strategy [1780-1781]Slide69
Britain’s “Southern Strategy”
Britain thought that there were more Loyalists in the South.
Southern resources were more valuable/worth preserving.
The British win a number of small victories, but cannot pacify the countryside [similar to U. S. failures in Vietnam!]
Good US General:Nathanial GreeneSlide70
The Battle of Yorktown (1781)
Count de Rochambeau
Admiral
De GrasseSlide71
Cornwallis’ Surrender at Yorktown:
Painted by John Trumbull, 1797
“The World Turned Upside Down!”Slide72
Why
did the British
Lose???Slide73
North America After the
Treaty of Paris, 1783Slide74
Federalists
vs. Anti-Federalists
Essential Questions:What was the controversy surrounding the new Constitution?
Who were the Federalists and Anti-Federalists?What were the Federalists Papers?How did the Federalist Papers shape the debate surrounding ratification of the new Constitution? Slide75
1787
The Revolutionary War is overNow the question is how to rule the country? The state disagree about what kind of government they wantThe framers disagree about what kind of government they wantPeople are becoming frustrated and rebelling against current governmentSlide76
At the Constitutional Convention …
Some framers thought the Constitution gave the government too much powerThey argued that states should have more power because they were closer to the people…what could a national government possibly know about state and city problems?Also, there was no Bill of Rights – nothing that said what people can and cannot doThose opposed set out to campaign against the Constitution, arguing that it would create a government with so much power, it would just be like having a king again.
Enter the Anti-FederalistsSlide77
The Federalists supported the Constitution as it was. After all, it was decided upon by representatives from each stateThe Constitution had a strong sense of CHECKS AND BALANCES, or a balance of power between the three branches of the national government and the local and state governmentsThe Federalists wrote the “Federalist Papers” to encourage states to approve the Constitution
At the Constitutional Convention …
Enter the Federalists Slide78
Enter the “fight”
The Constitution needed 9 of 13 states to approve it in order for it to become lawBoth sides (the Federalists and the Anti-Federalists) tried to convince people their side was correctAfter the great debate, the states finally ratified the Constitution …Only IF ….
Bill of Rights
was included.Slide79
The Federalists
didn’t think it was really necessary …
The Anti- Federalists
insisted on the Bill of Rights
Federalists agreed to add the Bill of Rights – keeping both sides happy
The rights would be added as amendments … meaning they were seen as “official changes, corrections, or additions”
The Bill of Rights were based upon the constitutions developed by the states
There were a total of ten amendments added .. And they became known as :
“The Bill of Rights”Slide80
Who was right?
Which side had the best argument … the Federalists or the Anti-Federalists?Each side present your arguments
Does the Constitution really need a Bill of Rights? WHY or WHY NOT?