Ideas, Beliefs, and Culture - PowerPoint Presentation

Ideas, Beliefs, and Culture Tatum Connell, Sidney Wasner, and Carol Hudak

CUL-1 : Compare the cultural values and attitudes of different European, African American, and native peoples in the colonial period and explain how contact affected intergroup relationships and conflicts. Key Concept 1.3.1 : Contacts among American Indians, Africans, and Europeans challenged the worldviews of each group. European overseas expansion and sustained contacts with Africans and American Indians dramatically altered European views of social, political, and economic relationships among and between white and nonwhite peoples

-Christopher Columbus: searched for a shorter and cheaper route to get to India but instead found a route to the New World in 1492, this new land provided the Europeans with raw materials and a new territory to claim, the relationship between the Europeans and the natives was better for the Europeans as they got the land and natives got diseases and death. -Columbian Exchange: exchange of animals, plants, cultures, diseases, ideas, and human populations between the Old World and the New World, Indian tribes were diminishing out of existence due to the unwanted white diseases, showed that the Europeans thought they were superior compared to the coloreds, Africans and natives. -“Great Migration”: Europeans entering into new land and taking over, diseases of the whites killed many natives, Europeans set up governments making the natives inferior -Middle Passage: from Africa to America, blacks were shipped for slavery horrific conditions, the whites assumed this superior role as they wanted money and could easily take advantage of Africans and use them to get money -Triangular Trade: between Africa, the American colonies, and the West Indies sent slaves to America, the slaves gave the Europeans more money and materials to trade with the mother country., the unfairness of this tradeoff led to slave revolts and eventual freedom of slave in the North

Key Concept 2.1.2 : Differences in imperial goals, cultures, and the North American environments that different empires confronted led Europeans to develop diverse patterns of colonization. The British- American system of slavery developed out of the economic, demographic, and geographic characteristics of the British-controlled regions of the New World.

Intermarriage: other nations were intermarrying with people of other nations, including natives and African slaves, but the English completely disagreed with this idea, the English thought they were better than others so they should not have to marry coloreds when they have many whites who need mates. Indentured Servitude: brought to America to earn money for their families back in their home country, but Europeans still brought in slaves to work on the farms and plantations, led to the “Middle Passage,” Europeans sought after more and more slaves from Africa as they could be easily trained and were helpful to the masters Boston Tea Party: people of Boston dump tea in the bay because they do not want the high taxes, America rises up and states that they are their own land by dumping out the tea, shows how even though America depended on England for the economy, freedom was the most important thing King William’s War: a war between New France and New England, France again fought with its allies the Indians, shows that through the war, the Indians still stayed with and fought with the French Boston Massacre: shots fired as colonists rejected the Townshend Acts, few killed but produced more Patriots and more passionate Patriots as the British were hated, increased tensions between Patriots and Loyalists in America

Key concept 3.1.1 : Britain’s victory over France in the imperial struggle for North America led to new conflicts among the British government, the North American colonists, and American Indians, culminating in the creation of a new nation, the United States. Throughout the second half of the 18th century, various American Indian groups repeatedly evaluated and adjusted their alliances with Europeans, other tribes, and the new US government.

French fur trappers: called coureurs de bois, set up trading posts around North America in order to make money for France, intermarriage showed that American Indians were willing to settle with Europeans in order to keep their tribe safe as the French provided protection for the natives. Powhatan Confederacy: a loose alliance of two dozen native tribes, the natives had tried to live in peace with the Europeans, but as soon as the colonists stole the tribes’ food, alliance between the two peoples were eliminated Franco-Indian alliance: an alliance between the natives and the French, French and Indians intermarried and were at peace, both Indians and French hated the British, as Europeans continued to settle in America, the Indians would have to become friends with more people to secure their safety Queen Anne’s War: During this Spanish war of succession, the Indians stayed with their French allies and fought with Spain, shows that the Indians stayed with the French even when fighting with Spain, the Indians decided that they could trust the French and remained allies with them Tecumseh: he and his brother, “the Prophet” gained followers that rejected the whites’ concept of “ownership,” they started an alliance of tribes east of the Mississippi to become separate from the whites

CUL-2 : Analyze how emerging conceptions of national identity and democratic ideals shaped value systems, gender roles, and cultural movements in the late 18th century and the 19th century. Key Concept 3.3.3 : Migration within North America, cooperative interaction, and competition for resources raised questions about boundaries and policies, intensified conflicts among peoples and nations, and led to contests over the creation of a multiethnic, multiracial national identity. New voices for national identity challenged tendencies to cling to regional identities, contributing to the emergence of distinctly American cultural expressions.

Paxton Boys: group of armed Scots-Irish men who marched towards Philadelphia because of the Indian attacks in the backcountry, these men hated the British, but they calmed down and joined the patriot side of the American Revolution “Republican motherhood”: required women to maintain in the home and teach republican values to the children, women now had a part in American politics “cult of domesticity”: glorified women as homemakers, mothers, and wives, in charge of giving good ideals to the children, it encouraged more time in the home and more family time Hamiltonians vs. Jeffersonians : this was the emergence of political parties in America, American have to decide which side to follow for one of the first times in America, after the start of these parties, more popped, each party reflecting a person’s view Patriots vs. Loyalists: as Europeans migrated to America, there became a separation between the wants of freedom and loyalty to England, caused a lot of argument, Patriots won the American Revolution and stated that the country would be completely different from the monarchy of England

Key Concept 4.1.2 : The United States developed the world’s first modern mass democracy and celebrated a new national culture, while Americans sought to define the nation’s democratic ideals and to reform its institutions to match them. Concurrent with an increasing international exchange of goods and ideas, larger numbers of Americans began struggling with how to match democratic political ideals to political institutions and social realities

Frederick Douglass: an American slave who became a freeman and wrote a book on the horrors he faced as a slave, he believed that all men should be free, he fought to have an emancipation passed but is was rejected Temperance: men and women strongly opposed drinking wines and liquors, many people grouped together to help ban all forms of alcohol, there was a fight over no alcohol or alcohol, the 18th amendment, American drank against the law. Kansas-Nebraska Act: the Northerners, Nebraska wanted slaves to be free while the South, Kansas, wanted to keep slavery, they came to a compromise: the states can choose whether they want slavery or not Underground Railroad: Harriet Tubman transferred slaves from the south to Canada and saved many slaves through this system, Southerners began asking for a stricter fugitive slave law to return the slaves back to the owners, Americans’ views of slavery made its way to government laws, showing that people struggled with matching democratic political ideals, freedom, to social realities, slavery. Indian Removal Act of 1830: the government removed tribes across the Mississippi River to the west, much resistance between the Americans and the natives, America was loudly saying that the natives did not belong to their country and Natives were angry because the Europeans created settlements on the natives’ land, led to many court cases involving the Indians and ultimately ending with their freedom

Key Concept 5.2.1 : Intensified by expansion and deepening regional divisions, debates over slavery and other economic, cultural, and political issues led the nation into civil war. The institution of slavery and its attendant ideological debates, along with regional economic and demographic changes, territorial expansion in the 1840s and 1850s, and cultural differences between the North and the South, all intensified sectionalism.

Tallmadge Amendment: no more slaves could enter into Missouri and children slaves will be emancipated at age 25, the Senate shot down the amendment and southerners scared that they were losing power in Senate, the amendment reveals sectionalism Irish and German immigration: created sectionalism as Americans, especially nativists , began discriminating the foreigners and trying to force them to leave, other Americans were open to the idea of sharing a free land, the differing opinions of them continued for a long time after these two decades Labor unions: laborers fought for better working hours and conditions, there were several different unions based on what occupations an American had (National Labor Union), created sectionalism between the Americans as working groups separated into common jobs and the wealthy was inheriting and receiving lots of money while the common man was searching for better paying, better hours, and better conditions. Uncle Tom’s Cabin: written in 1852 by Harriet Beecher Stowe to show how slavery truly was and how the slaves were treated, Northerners were appalled and demanded slavery be abolished, caused sectionalism as half of the country wanted slavery and the other half wanted freedom for everyone. Freedmen’s Bureau: government agency to aid freed slaves become integrated into a normal lifestyle, but the South created the Black Codes which destroyed the blacks’ civil rights, sectionalism because the government is supporting and helping the freed slaves and the South keeps trying to keep them as slaves

Culture 3- Explain how cultural values and artistic expressions changed in response to the Civil War and the postwar industrialization of the United States 6.1.1- Transcontinental Railroad- New transportation throughout the U.S. expanded communication between people, companies, and the government. Pony Express- The start of the colonial mailing system connected the eastern and western parts of America connecting cultural values between the two parts. Manifest Destiny- The idea that democracy should be expanded throughout America, expanding American culture. John D. Rockefeller- In the era of the Gilded Age where money was of the most importance. He was a large business leader of the Standard Oil Company, and believed in Social Darwinism. J. P. Morgan- Expanded technology by connecting multiple steel companies together to make one, industrializing America.

6.3.2 Henry George – Believed that all land is equally owned by each person in the community. Wanted to help the poor, he challenged the social order changing American values. Gospel of Wealth- the rich should spread their extra money around the community where needed, altering values from social Darwinism. Booker T. Washington- changed the social status of African Americans, changing the beliefs people had towards African Americans. Ida Wells-Barnett- Exposed the way blacks were treated, challenged thoughts people had about African Americans and women’s rights. Elizabeth Cady Stanton- Fought for Women’s and African American’s rights, leader of the Seneca Falls convention

7.2.1 Cyrus McCormik - Invented the mechanical reaper, collected crops more efficiently, decreasing the costs of crops. Radios- Finalized American culture because everyone in America was listening to the same radio. Flappers- changed from old women’s traditions to new. From long dresses, small make up, and long hair to short hair and dresses, with a lot of make up. Motion Pictures- did the same action as radios, everyone had the same movies creating similar beliefs throughout the U.S. Jazz- jazz music connected people of all ages and races, mostly famous in the Harlem Renaissance.

Culture 4- Analyze how changing religious ideas. Enlightenment beliefs, and republican thought shaped the politics, culture, and society of the colonial era through the early Republic. 2.1.3. Half-way Covenant – Allowed partial membership in Puritan churches to retain membership. Was created because of other protestant faiths rising in society. 13 colonies – All colonies relied on different cash crops, and were populated by different faiths. Maryland was Catholic and Alabama was Protestant. The colonies created diverse political and social needs. Tobacco- A cash crop for Chesapeake colonies, these colonies relied on tobacco more than any other crop making their needs different than other Colonies. Puritans- founding most of new England creating a different society from middle and southern colonies. Native Americans – As the Europeans came into what would be America there was a difference in cultures that would soon clash and some be destroyed.

2.3.1 Proprietary Colony- A colony owned by and individual. Places like Pennsylvania accepted anyone who seeks a safe haven. This was the start to equal acceptance of all people. John Locke- Philosophical writer who the colonists wrote political documents by. Changed America from being under a monarchy to a democracy. Maryland Toleration Act of 1649- Guaranteed toleration to all Christians regardless of sect, except for those who didn’t believe in the divinity of Jesus. Connection to the first amendment. Middle Passage – The trade system between England, America, and Africa. This was a growth in the Atlantic economy by sharing goods and services. Mercantilism – the government will control all economic duties of their colonies. American colonies didn’t follow this because they traded with countries, the French, on their own.

3.1.2 Townshend Act of 1767- An act created to tax tea, glass and other goods in the colonies. Lead to the movement of independence. Committees of Correspondence – A communication between colonies before the Revolution. Helped the colonies some what stay in contact with each other during the war. Patrick Henry – “Give me liberty or give me death” Noticed the cultural and political differences between the colonies. Patriots- Supporters of independence, same beliefs as Patrick Henry Marquis de Lafayette- French officer who aided Washington in Revolutionary War. Was the main political ally because he was able to give military aide to the colonies.

CUL 5- 4.1.III Key Concepts: CUL 5- 4.1.III., 6.1.I., 7.1.II. CUL 6- 5.2.I., 7.2.I., 8.3.I. CUL 5 - Analyze ways that philosophical, moral, and scientific ideas were used to defend and challenge the dominant economic and social order in the 19 th and 20 th centuries. Period 4 Key Concept 4.1: The United States developed the world’s first modern mass democracy and celebrated a new national culture, while Americans sought to define the nation’s democratic ideals and to reform its institutions to match them. III. While Americans celebrated their nation’s progress toward a unified new national culture that blended Old World forms with New World ideas, various groups of the nation’s inhabitants developed distinctive cultures of their own. Key Terms: Noah Webster, Emma Willard, Susan B. Anthony, John J. Audubon, Transcendentalism

Justification Noah Webster is related to the key concepts and theme because he represents the emerging cultural value for education in the nineteenth century through his dictionary and patriotic lessons. Emma Willard is related to the key concepts and theme because, once again, she proves an emerging value for education. She also represents the movement for women’s rights because she opened the Troy Female Seminary in 1821, a college exclusively for women. Susan B. Anthony shows the value for women’s suffrage beginning in the early 19 th century John James Audubon exemplifies the growing value for America’s natural lands. His paintings of birds in their natural habitat combined European style with American landscapes, drawing the public’s attention to the beauty of the American country-side and establishing a culture that valued American wildlife . The Transcendentalist movement in New England created a new way of thinking for Americans, telling them to throw off the conventions of the past and instead focus on their own “inner light,” self-discipline, self-reliance, and dignity, no matter their race.

6.1.I. Key Concept 6.1: The rise of big business in the United States encouraged massive migrations and urbanization, sparked government and popular efforts to reshape the U.S. economy and environment, and renewed debates over U.S. national identity. I. Large-scale production — accompanied by massive technological change, expanding international communication networks, and pro-growth government policies — fueled the development of a “Gilded Age” marked by an emphasis on consumption, marketing, and business consolidation. Key Terms: John D. Rockefeller, Andrew Carnegie, J. P. Morgan, Macy’s, American Protective Association

Justification John D. Rockefeller with his Standard Oil Company embodies the growth of big business in the Gilded Age Andrew Carnegie’s vertical integration practices in his steel mill which added to the urban mass movement would not have been possible without the technological advancements necessary for the plant to function . J.P. Morgan’s interlocking directorates also represent business consolidation in the Gilded Age. The size of his banking empire contrasts the small business practices of before . Macy’s Department Store in New York was a product of urbanization. The Gilded Age emphasis on consumption caused the store to flourish The American Protective Association displayed the growing nativist sentiments in the Gilded Age. The APA urged voting against Roman Catholic politicians because new immigrants were often Roman Catholic. Nativists also worked for lowering immigration numbers because the immigrants were taking labor jobs away from the “native” Americans

7.1.II. Key Concept 7.1: Governmental, political, and social organizations struggled to address the effects of large-scale industrialization, economic uncertainty, and related social changes such as urbanization and mass migration. II. Progressive reformers responded to economic instability, social inequality, and political corruption by calling for government intervention in the economy, expanded democracy, greater social justice, and conservation of natural resources. Key Terms: 18 th Amendment, Forest Reserve Act of 1891, Clayton Antitrust Act, Florence Kelley, Federal Reserve Bank

Justification The 18 th Amendment, which called for the direct election of senators, was wrought from outrage over the exposed connections between Congressmen and corporations, proving a cultural value for honesty was emerging. The Forest Reserve Act of 1891, part of Roosevelt’s Square Deal, allowed the president to set aside forests as national parks, saving 46 million acres of trees from lumbermen, proving value for enviromnent . The Clayton Antitrust Act tightened the noose on trusts and allowed for agricultural organizations and labor from antitrust prosecution, proving increase in the cultural value for labor. Florence Kelley controlled the National Consumers League, which fought for women and children’s rights to special protection in the workplace and proved an increased cultural value for labor and rights. the Federal Reserve Act shows an increased value for government involvement in economic policies to help the people, contrasting the previous laizzes -faire style economy.

CUL 6- 5.2.I. Key Concept 5.2: Intensified by expansion and deepening regional divisions, debates over slavery and other economic, cultural, and political issues led the nation into civil war. I. The institution of slavery and its attendant ideological debates, along with regional economic and demographic changes, territorial expansion in the 1840s and 1850s, and cultural differences between the North and the South, all intensified sectionalism. Key Terms: William Walker, Ostend Manifesto, Bleeding Kansas, Uncle Tom’s Cabin, The Impending Crisis of the South

Justification William Walker seizing control of Nicaragua in the 1850s and declaring the country a slave state proves southern American cultural value for slavery and increased sectional tension over the issue. The fight over Cuba through the Ostend Manifesto increased sectional struggle because both the north and the south wanted Cuba for their own reasons . The vote over Kansas’s slave holding status proved the south’s cultural value for the peculiar institution and increased sectional struggle. Uncle Tom’s Cabin was a novel written by Harriet Beecher Stowe that helped fan the flames of the inevitable Civil War. Hinton R. Helper’s The Impending Crisis of the South tried to condemn slavery differently than Stowe had done. Helper argued that that poor, non-slaveholding white was the ones who suffered most from slavery. The book increased sectional tensions when southern publishers refused to print it.

6.3.II. Key Concept 6.3: The “Gilded Age” witnessed new cultural and intellectual movements in tandem with political debates over economic and social policies. II. New cultural and intellectual movements both buttressed and challenged the social order of the Gilded Age. Key Terms: Edward Bellamy, Gospel of Wealth, Booker T. Washington, Ida Wells-Barnett, Elizabeth Cady Stanton

Justification Edward Bellamy’s novel Looking Backward in which the narrator wakes up in 2000 to find the problems of the 1800s are solved in an idyllic government. The book shows a cultural shift to socialistic styles of thinking . The Gospel of Wealth, or the belief that the rich have a duty to help the poor in general, shows a value for philanthropy in the Gilded Age. Booker T. Washington’s arguments against racism and for blacks’ economic independence exemplified the emerging cultural value for independence, which challenged the social order. Ida B. Wells and her organization of women fighting against the senseless lynching of blacks , were against the social norm of the mid 1800s. She shows an increase in the cultural value for the independence of black women. Elizabeth Cady Stanton is well known for her efforts for women’s suffrage and shows an increase in the value of women’s independence

7.2.I. Key Concept 7.2: A revolution in communications and transportation technology helped to create a new mass culture and spread “modern” values and ideas, even as cultural conflicts between groups increased under the pressure of migration, world wars, and economic distress. I. New technologies led to social transformations that improved the standard of living for many while contributing to increased political and cultural conflicts. Key Terms: radio, movies, automobiles, jazz music, airplane

Justification The airplane shrunk the world, shortening the trip across the Atlantic from days to 33 hours (as proven by Charles Lindberg) and helped create the modern idea of fast travel in the 1920s. The invention of the radio helped standardize American culture while creating a new value for togetherness. Motion pictures helped standardize American culture. The (arguably) art form led to a cultural value for movies and entertainment, much like the radio did. The automobile also helped to increase the standard of living for Americans while creating a cultural value for the open road. People, including women, left their homes to see the beauty of the country. Women also became less dependent on men, helping women achieve the right to vote later. Jazz music, an art form, increased the cultural value for entertainment and exemplified the carelessness of the 1920s. Jazz, dubbed “America’s most native music,” also highlighted the irony of racism, a cultural conflict, in the roaring twenties. Whites could go out and appreciate black people making music yet many could not get over racist attitudes.