Myth or Fact? - PowerPoint Presentation

Slide1

Myth or Fact?

1. Urinating on a jellyfish sting will help alleviate the pain.

2. It is safe to drink your own urine.

3. If someone is sleeping and you put their hand in warm water, they will pee their pants

.

4

. Holding your urine can cause a bladder infection.

5

. There is a fish that will follow a urine stream and enter the

urethra.Slide2

Myth or Fact?

Myth

-treating

a jellyfish sting by urinating on it may actually cause someone

even

more

pain. The jellyfish’s

cnidocytes

(stinging cells) are set off by changes

to the balance of

salts

and electrolytes

(

http://

www.scientificamerican.com/article/fact-or-fiction-urinating/

)

Myth

-

Urine

is at least 95 percent water, but the remaining 5 percent

carries

excess electrolytes, such as chloride, sodium and

potassium. Urine

also carries small traces of excess toxins in the form of acids from your kidney, but you'd need to drink a lot for that to do

damage.

Drinking urine for survival is even more harmful, since dehydration makes it less dilute and all those electrolytes and acids appear in greater

concentration

.

http://

www.popsci.com/science/article/2011-03/fyi-it-ever-ok-drink-your-own-urine

Myth

-

Although

many people

claim to have pulled it off successfully,

M

ythbusters

found it to not be scientifically reliable

http

://

www.discovery.com/tv-shows/mythbusters/mythbusters-database/hand-water-asleep-urinate.htmSlide3

Myth or Fact?

Fact

-

When urine stays in the bladder for a long time, more germs are made, and the worse a

urinary tract infections

can become

. Women tend to be more susceptible to UTIs due to their shorter

urethra.

http://

womenshealth.gov/publications/our-publications/fact-sheet/urinary-tract-infection.html#b

Fact

-

The

candiru

is a

parasitic member

of the catfish family and can be found in lakes and streams of the Amazon region. It's

only gets up to an

inch

long and has

been known to enter the urethras of bathers and swimming

animals. "

Once in the

passage, it

erects the short spines on its gill covers and may thereby cause inflammation, hemorrhage, and even death to the victim

.“

http

://

urbanlegends.about.com/od/fish/a/candiru.htmSlide4

The Urinary System

Chapter

25Slide5

Parts of the Urinary System Slide6

consists of a pair of

kidneys

which remove substances from the blood

ureters

which transport urine from the kidneys to the

bladder

urinary

bladder temporary storage reservoir for urine

urethra

conveys urine to the outside of the body

Urinary System OrgansSlide7

kidneys

ureters

bladder

urethra

sphincterSlide8

Blood and Nerve Supply

Renal arteries deliver ~

1

/

4

(1200 ml) of cardiac output to the kidneys each minute!!!

Interlobar

arteries pass between the renal pyramids

Afferent arterioles

lead to the nephrons

Nerve supply is via sympathetic fibers from the renal plexusSlide9

Kidney Functions

Removal of toxins, metabolic wastes, and excess ions from the blood

Regulation of blood volume, chemical composition, and pH

Gluconeogenesis during prolonged fasting

Endocrine functions

Renin

: regulation of blood pressure and kidney function

Erythropoietin: regulation of RBC productionActivation of vitamin DSlide10

Kidneys

lie on either side of the vertebral column deep in the abdominal cavity

positioned behind the parietal peritoneum (

retroperitoneally

)

lateral side is convex, medial is concave, kidneys sit in a depression called the

renal sinus

Entrance is called the 

HILUMSlide11
Slide12

Internal Anatomy

Renal cortex

A granular superficial region (appears granulated due to presence of nephrons)

Renal medulla – center of the kidney

The cone-shaped medullary (renal) pyramids separated by renal columns

Lobe

A medullary pyramid and its surrounding cortical tissueSlide13

Internal Anatomy

Papilla

Tip of pyramid; releases urine into minor calyx

Renal pelvis

The funnel-shaped tube within the renal sinus

Continuous with the ureter, used for drainageSlide14

Internal Anatomy

Major calyces

The branching channels of the renal pelvis that

Collect urine from minor calyces

Empty urine into the pelvis

Urine flows from the renal pelvis to ureter

Common site for bacteria build up (kidney infections)Slide15

Figure 25.3

Renal cortex

Renal medulla

Major calyx

Papilla of

pyramid

Renal pelvis

Ureter

Minor calyx

Renal column

Renal pyramid

in renal medulla

Fibrous capsule

Renal

hilum

(a) Photograph of right kidney, frontal section

(b) Diagrammatic viewSlide16

Nephrons

Structural and functional units that form urine

~1 million per kidney

Two main parts

Glomerulus: a tuft of capillaries

Renal tubule: begins as cup-shaped glomerular (Bowman’s) capsule surrounding the glomerulusSlide17
Slide18

glomerulus



proximal tubule



nephron loop (also called Loop of Henle



distal tubule



collecting duct



ureter



bladderSlide19

Urine Formation

glomerular filtration

- urine formation begins, plasma is filtered

tubular reabsorption

- Returns all glucose and amino acids, 99% of water, salt, and other components to the

blood

tubular

secretion

- Reverse of

reabsorption:

selective addition to

urineSlide20

What blood vessel enters the glomerulus?Slide21

Figure 25.10

Cortical

radiate

artery

Afferent arteriole

Glomerular capillaries

Efferent arteriole

Glomerular capsule

Rest of renal tubule

containing filtrate

Peritubular

capillary

To cortical radiate vein

Urine

Glomerular filtration

Tubular reabsorption

Tubular secretion

Three major

renal processes:Slide22

Reabsorption of Nutrients, Water, and Ions

Water is reabsorbed by osmosis (obligatory water reabsorption), aided by water-filled pores called

aquaporins

Cations

and fat-soluble substances follow by diffusion

Reabsorption is

hormonally

regulatedCa2+ (PTH)Water (ADH)

Na

+

(aldosterone and ANP)Slide23

Chemical Composition of Urine

95% water and 5% solutes

Nitrogenous wastes: urea, uric acid, and creatinine

Other normal solutes

Na

+

, K

+

, PO

4

3–

, and SO4

2–, Ca

2+

, Mg

2+

and HCO

3

–

Can contain trace amino acids

Abnormally high concentrations of any constituent may indicate pathologySlide24

Urine may also contain other chemicals that can be detected.

Hormones present in a pregnant woman are detectable in urineSlide25

Color and transparency

Some European alchemists in the middle ages thought there was gold in urine.

German alchemist

Hennig

Brand discovered phosphorus while trying to make gold from urine.Slide26

Color and transparency

Clear, pale to deep yellow due to

urochrome

(a breakdown product of bile)

These same yellow chemicals also cause the yellow color of jaundice and of bruises,

which

result when more hemoglobin than usual is being broken down and/or the processing of its breakdown products by the liver is not able to keep up.

Drugs, vitamin supplements, and diet can alter the colorCloudy urine may indicate a urinary tract infectionSlide27

Ureters

Convey urine from kidneys to bladder

Retroperitoneal

Enter the base of the bladder through the posterior wall

As bladder pressure increases, distal ends of the ureters close, preventing backflow of urine Slide28

Ureters

Three layers of wall of ureter

Lining of transitional epithelium

Smooth muscle

muscularis

Contracts in response to stretch

Outer adventitia of fibrous connective tissue Slide29

Figure 25.20

Lumen

Adventitia

Circular

layer

Longitudinal

layer

Transitional

epithelium

Lamina

propriaSlide30

Urinary Bladder

Collapses when empty;

rugae

appear

Layers of the bladder wall

Transitional epithelial mucosa

Thick detrusor muscle (three layers of smooth muscle)

Fibrous adventitia (peritoneum on superior surface only)Slide31

Urine

Elimination

After urine forms in the nephrons

, the

ureters (starting with the renal pelvis) carry the urine away to the bladder

Bladder is an expandable structure that stores urine before it is eliminated from the body.

Transitional epithelial cells change shape to allow for expansion and contraction.

artificial bladder grown in a labSlide32

Urethra

Muscular tube

Lining epithelium

Mostly pseudostratified columnar epithelium, except

Transitional epithelium near bladder

Stratified squamous epithelium near external urethral orificeSlide33

Urethra

Sphincters

Internal urethral sphincter

Involuntary (smooth muscle) at bladder-urethra junction

Contracts to open

External urethral sphincter

Voluntary (skeletal) muscle surrounding the urethra as it passes through the pelvic floor Slide34

Urethra

Female urethra (3–4 cm):

Tightly bound to the anterior vaginal wall

External urethral orifice is anterior to the vaginal opening, posterior to the clitorisSlide35

Figure 25.21b

Ureter

Trigone

Peritoneum

Rugae

Detrusor

muscle

Bladder neck

Internal urethral

sphincter

External urethral

sphincter

Urogenital diaphragm

Urethra

External urethral

orifice

Ureteric orifices

(b) Female.Slide36

Urethra

Male urethra

Carries semen and urine

Three named regions

Prostatic urethra (2.5 cm)—within prostate gland

Membranous urethra (2 cm)—passes through the urogenital diaphragm

Spongy urethra (15 cm)—passes through the penis and opens via the external urethral orificeSlide37

Figure 25.21a

Ureter

Trigone of bladder

Prostate

Membranous urethra

Prostatic urethra

Peritoneum

Rugae

Detrusor muscle

Bladder neck

Internal urethral sphincter

External urethral sphincter

Urogenital diaphragm

Spongy urethra

Erectile tissue of penis

Ureteric orifices

Adventitia

(a) Male.

The long male urethra has three

regions: prostatic, membranous and spongy.

External urethral orificeSlide38

Micturation

= urination; as the bladder fills this reflex occurs though it is also under voluntary control

Detrusor

Muscle

- attach to bladder and sphincter, control urinationSlide39

Events of Micturition

Contraction

of detrusor muscle by ANS

Opening of internal urethral sphincter by ANS

Opening of external urethral sphincter by somatic nervous systemSlide40
Slide41

Diuretics

Chemicals that enhance the urinary output

Osmotic diuretics: substances not reabsorbed, (e.g., high glucose in a diabetic patient)

ADH inhibitors such as alcohol

Substances that inhibit Na

+

reabsorption and obligatory H

2O reabsorption such as caffeine and many drugsSlide42

Figure 25.22

Somatic motor

nerve activity

External urethral

sphincter opens

Sympathetic

activity

Parasympathetic

activity

Urinary bladder

filling stretches

bladder wall

Spinal

cord

Promotes micturition

by acting on all three

spinal efferents

Inhibits micturition

by acting on all three

spinal efferents

Allow or inhibit micturition

as appropriate

Brain

Simple

spinal

reflex

Spinal

cord

Inhibits

Parasympathetic activity

Sympathetic activity

Somatic motor nerve activity

Pontine micturition

center

Pontine storage

center

Higher brain

centers

Detrusor muscle

contracts; internal

urethral sphincter

opens

Afferent impulses

from stretch

receptors

MicturitionSlide43

Disorders of the Urinary System

Many urinary problems can be solved by drinking enough water.

So how much fluid does the average, healthy adult living in a temperate climate need? The Institute of Medicine determined that an adequate intake (AI) for men is roughly 3 liters (about 13 cups) of total beverages a day. The AI for women is 2.2 liters (about 9 cups) of total beverages a day. Slide44

Catheters

 In medicine, a

catheter

is a tube that can be inserted into a body cavity, duct, or vessel. 

The process of inserting a catheter is

catheterization

.

Catheterization of the bladder is a common medical procedure, often performed by nursesSlide45

When Kidneys Fail....

Dialysis may be used to clean the blood

(hemodialysis)

4 hours, 3 times a week

Patients will eventually need a new kidneySlide46

Kidney Transplants

Modern Family Actress talks about kidney disease

Domino Kidney Transplants or Kidney Exchanges - when you aren't a match for a family member, you can participate in a kidney exchange.