PPT-Nucleophilic

Substitution Reactions Substitution at sp 3 hybridized Carbon Halides are electronegative elements Thus in the case of an alkyl halide RX the halide atom can leave from carbon taking the shared pair of electrons with it. Lecture 6. CARBONYL COMPOUNDS: . NUCLEOPHILIC ADDITION REACTION. ALDEHYDE. KETON. ESTHER. CARBOXILIC ACID. CARBONYL COMPOUNDS. CARBONYL COMPOUNDS. Formalin . Ibuprofen . Aspirin. Asam cuka. Asam semut. Structures and Properties. Halogen is connected to a tetrahedral carbon. The carbon-halogen bond is polarized with the carbon having a partial positive charge and the halogen having a partial negative charge. Rings . Pyridne. , . quinoline. and . isoquinoline. Pyridne. Pyridine is a water -miscible liquid, b. p. 115 . oC. with . an unpleasant . odour. An . Excelent. polar . solvent, A . base (. ALkanes. Chapter 10.2:. Structure, bonding and chemical reactions involving functional group inter-conversions are key strands in organic chemistry. Chapter 20.1:. Key organic reaction types include nucleophilic substitution, electrophilic addition, electrophilic substitution, and redox reactions. Reaction mechanisms vary and help in understanding the different types of reactions taking place.. Synthetic design involves two distinct steps: . (1) retrosynthetic analysis and . (2) subsequent translation of the analysis into a "forward direction" synthesis. . In the analysis, the chemist recognizes the functional groups in a molecule and disconnects them proximally by methods corresponding to known and reliable reconnection reactions.. The carbonyl group is electrophilic at the carbon atom and hence is. . susceptible to attack by nucleophilic reagents. Thus, the carbonyl group reacts as a . formyl. . cation. or as. . an . acyl . 1. Chapter 21. Phenols and Aryl Halides. Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution. Ch. . 21. . - . 2. About The Authors. . These PowerPoint Lecture Slides were created and prepared by Professor William Tam and his wife, Dr. Phillis Chang. . Generic Equation: Swap. R-X + Nu: .  R-Nu + :X. -. The problem lies in the mechanism.. Importance of Alkyl Halides. Precursor to many others. NUCLEOPHILIC SUBSTITUTION. Theory. . - nucleophile means ‘liking positive’. Nucleophilic Acyl Substitution. 2. Carboxylic Acids and . Their Derivatives. Carboxylic Acid Derivatives:. Acid Halides. Acid Anhydrides. Types of anhydrides. :. Cyclic esters. Types of amides. Cyclic amides. Halogen is connected to a tetrahedral carbon. The carbon-halogen bond is polarized with the carbon having a partial positive charge and the halogen having a partial negative charge. The size of the halogen increases as you move down the group. Nucleophilic Substitution. and Elimination . Reactions. 2. Alkyl halides. are organic molecules containing a halogen atom bonded to an . sp. 3. hybridized carbon atom. . Alkyl halides are classified as . Understand the reactions of carbonyl compounds with:. HCN, in the presence of KCN, as a nucleophilic addition reaction, using curly arrows, relevant lone pairs, dipoles and evidence of optical activity to show mechanism. Synthesis of 1-Iodobutane. Nucleophilic Substitution of Alkyl Halides:. Synthesis of 1-Iodobutane. 1-Bromobutane is a primary alkyl halide (not sterically hindered).. Acetone . is a polar aprotic solvent. It poorly solvates the iodide nucleophile, . HL only . Syed . Arshad. . Mushtaq. Chemistry Teacher . Australian School of Abu Dhabi . Nucleophilic substitution reactions. Learning outcomes . Understand:. Nucleophilic. . unimolecular. substitution reactions are represented by S.