PPT-Nucleophilic

Substitution Reactions Substitution at sp 3 hybridized Carbon Halides are electronegative elements Thus in the case of an alkyl halide RX the halide atom can leave from carbon taking the shared pair of electrons with it. Nucleophilic Addition to the Carbonyl Group Aldehydes replace the e of the parent alkane with al The functional group needs no number Aldehyde bonded to a ring are named using suffix carbaldehyde Benzaldehyde is common short name for benzenecarbalde Structures and Properties. Halogen is connected to a tetrahedral carbon. The carbon-halogen bond is polarized with the carbon having a partial positive charge and the halogen having a partial negative charge. Dr. . Sheppard. CHEM . 2412. Summer 2015. Klein (2. nd. ed. .) . sections: 21.1, 21.2, 21.6, 21.3, 21.15,. . . 21.4, 21.5, 21.10, 21.7, 21.8,. . . 21.9, 21.11, 21.12, 21.13, 21.14. Rings . Pyridne. , . quinoline. and . isoquinoline. Pyridne. Pyridine is a water -miscible liquid, b. p. 115 . oC. with . an unpleasant . odour. An . Excelent. polar . solvent, A . base (. 8-7. If the carbonyl carbon of an aldehyde or ketone could be attacked by a nucleophilic carbon atom, R:. -. , instead of a hydride ion, both an alcohol and a new carbon-carbon bond would be formed.. ALkanes. Chapter 10.2:. Structure, bonding and chemical reactions involving functional group inter-conversions are key strands in organic chemistry. Chapter 20.1:. Key organic reaction types include nucleophilic substitution, electrophilic addition, electrophilic substitution, and redox reactions. Reaction mechanisms vary and help in understanding the different types of reactions taking place.. Synthetic design involves two distinct steps: . (1) retrosynthetic analysis and . (2) subsequent translation of the analysis into a "forward direction" synthesis. . In the analysis, the chemist recognizes the functional groups in a molecule and disconnects them proximally by methods corresponding to known and reliable reconnection reactions.. 1. Chapter 21. Phenols and Aryl Halides. Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution. Ch. . 21. . - . 2. About The Authors. . These PowerPoint Lecture Slides were created and prepared by Professor William Tam and his wife, Dr. Phillis Chang. . Generic Equation: Swap. R-X + Nu: .  R-Nu + :X. -. The problem lies in the mechanism.. Importance of Alkyl Halides. Precursor to many others. NUCLEOPHILIC SUBSTITUTION. Theory. . - nucleophile means ‘liking positive’. Halogen is connected to a tetrahedral carbon. The carbon-halogen bond is polarized with the carbon having a partial positive charge and the halogen having a partial negative charge. The size of the halogen increases as you move down the group. Dr. Kevin Ahern. Protease Mechanisms. Aspartic Acid. Aspartic Acid. Histidine. Cysteine. Electron rich. Metal. Other Protease Families. Cysteine. Aspartyl. Metallo-. Papain. Cathepsin D. Carboxypeptidase A. Daniel T. . Gryko. 4. . . Nucleophilic . Substitution of Hydrogen in . the . Synthesis of. . Aromatic Heterocyclic . Compounds. +. Modern . Oxidation. Nucleophilic. . substitution. of . hydrogen. - . Understand the reactions of carbonyl compounds with:. HCN, in the presence of KCN, as a nucleophilic addition reaction, using curly arrows, relevant lone pairs, dipoles and evidence of optical activity to show mechanism. Synthesis of 1-Iodobutane. Nucleophilic Substitution of Alkyl Halides:. Synthesis of 1-Iodobutane. 1-Bromobutane is a primary alkyl halide (not sterically hindered).. Acetone . is a polar aprotic solvent. It poorly solvates the iodide nucleophile, .