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Political Institutions Political Institutions

Political Institutions - PowerPoint Presentation

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Political Institutions - PPT Presentation

AP Comparative Government Political Institutions Political institutions are structures of a political system that carry out the work of governing Just because countries have the same types of institutions does not mean that those institutions have the same powers ID: 533490

government groups organizations interest groups government interest organizations political system institutions forces state people parties economic devolution tend power centripetal centrifugal corporatism

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Slide1

Political Institutions

AP Comparative GovernmentSlide2

Political Institutions

Political institutions

are structures of a political system that carry out the work of governing

Just because countries have the same types of institutions does not mean that those institutions have the same powersSlide3

Levels of Government

Unitary Government

A unitary system of government is one that concentrates all policymaking powers in one central geographic place

Confederal system

A confederal system spreads the power among many sub-units and has a weak central government

Federal system

A federal system divides the power between the central government and regional bodies have significant powers such a taxation, lawmaking, and keeping orderSlide4

Supranational Organizations

Supranational

organizations are not bound

by national

boundaries

These organizations reflect a trend toward

integration

, a process that encourages states to pool their sovereignty in order to gain political, economic, and social clout

Examples of these organizations include NATO, the E.U., NAFTA, and OPEC

These organizations reflect the concept of

globalization

, or the integration of social, environmental, economic, and cultural activities of nations

Economic globalization has intensified international trade, tying markets, producers, and labor together while also integrating capital and financial markets.Slide5

Challenges to the Nation-State

The use of supranational organizations, who at times dictate rules and laws to nations, may be changing the role of nation-states

In the E.U. member states are subject to the rules and laws of the E.U. reducing their

sovereignty

Slide6

Centripetal v Centrifugal

Centripetal forces tend to unify nations while centrifugal forces tend to fragment them

Centripetal forces

bind together the people of a state giving them strength,

One of the most power centripetal forces is

nationalism

, or the ability to identify oneself based upon nationhood

Centrifugal forces

destabilize the government and encourage the country to fall apart

These tend to take hold in countries that are not well-organized or that is not well governed

Separatist movements

tend to take place in which groups who self identify as being separate from the government fight for independenceSlide7

Devolution

Devolution

is the tendency to decentralize decision-making to regional governments

Devolution is a centrifugal force that can take place for a number of reasons

Ethnic Force

An

ethnic group

shares a well-developed sense of belonging to the same culture

This identity is based upon language, religion, and custom

Ethnonationalism

is the tendency for an ethnic group to see itself as a distinct nation with a right to autonomy or independence

The concentration of ethnicities help to lead these movementsSlide8

Devolution

Economic forces

Economic inequalities may destabilize a nation-state, particularly if the inequalities are regional

Spatial forces

Distance and remoteness promote

devolution, especially if

water,

desert, or mountains separate the areas from the center of power and neighbor nations that may support separatist objectivesSlide9

Linkage institutions

Linkage institutions

are organizations that are intermediaries between the people and the government

These organizations include political parties, interest groups, and the media

Political parties operate in countries and have varying roles depending on the system of the country. Generally they:

Help bring different people and ideas together to establish the means by which the majority can rule

Provide labels for candidates that help citizens vote

Hold politicians accountable to the electorateSlide10

Interest Groups

Interest groups are organizations of like-minded people whose main political goal is to influence and shape public policy

Parties and interest groups are different because:

Parties run candidates for office while interest groups only support candidates

Parties have a broad spectrum of interests while interest groups generally have a single focus

Interest groups in authoritarian regimes are sometimes referred to as

transmission belts

Meaning they convey the desires of the party elite to the peopleSlide11

Interest groups

In the west interest groups are autonomous

They generally work outside the formal constraints of government to try and impose change on the system

In between the two systems is corporatism

Corporatism

is when the government approves a groups monopoly of a certain sector of the economy

State corporatism

is where the state determines which groups are brought in

Societal corporatism (neocorporatism)

is where interest groups take the lead and dominate the state