amp Providing Order to the Universe Methods of Science Explanation in Science Science and Pseudoscience The Ordered Universe Geocentric Universe Heliocentric Universe Newtons Laws and the Founding of ID: 612466
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Slide1
Science: A Way of Knowing & Providing Order to the Universe Slide2
Methods of ScienceExplanation in ScienceScience and PseudoscienceThe Ordered UniverseGeocentric UniverseHeliocentric Universe
Newton’s Laws and the Founding of
Modern ScienceSlide3
Major Methods of ScienceObservation: descriptions of natural phenomena usually in the search for patterns in natureExperiment: manipulation of nature to examine a phenomenonSlide4
Deductive MethodMost typical for natural philosophers following the rediscovery of Aristotle by western EuropeExplanatory method of Plato and PythagorasClearly expounded by
Ren
é
Descartes in
1637 [
Discours
de la méthode
(Discourse on the Method)].
Ren
é
Descartes 1596-1650Slide5
Inductive or Empirical MethodBased on observationThe experimental method is a subset of the inductive methodFrancis Bacon proposed the Great Instauration
Novum
Organum
(1620)
Francis Bacon 1561-1626Slide6
Human reason can be deceived in the following ways:Idylls of the Tribe (incorrect inference of cause and effect)Idylls of the Den (one’s views are influenced by others and may be upheld by ignoring contravening evidence)
Idylls of the Marketplace (false arguments can be convincing due to ambiguity of communication)
Idylls of the Theater (theories about the world can be false)Slide7
William GilbertContemporary of BaconDid not recognize Bacon as a natural philosopherBacon critical of Gilbert’s explanations
The Alchemists have made a philosophy out of a few experiments of the furnace and Gilbert our countryman hath made a philosophy out of observations of the lodestone.
[Gilbert] has himself become a magnet; that is, he has ascribed too many things to that force and built a ship out of a shell.
William Gilbert 1544-1603Slide8
ExplanationHypothesisTheoryPrincipleLawSlide9
Attributes of PseudoscienceAnything is possible (cannot be falsified)Vague, exaggerated, untested claimsRefutation of alternative theory, but no material confirmation of the claim Slide10
b
iology - geology chemistry
physics
mathematics
COMPLEXITYSlide11
The Ordered UniverseSlide12
Construction of Stonehenge
Earthen banks (~3100 BCE)
Wooden Building (~3000 BCE)
Bluestones (~2600 BCE)
Sarsen Stones (2600-2400 BCE)
Final arrangement (2280-1600 BCE)Slide13
Aristotle of Stagira 348-322 BCE
Eudoxus
of Cnidus 408-355 BCE
Claudius Ptolemy ~90-168 CESlide14
Nicolaus Copernicus
1473-1543Slide15
Giordano BrunoDominican and non-trinitarianPraised Copernican systemOn trial and burned at the stake for heresy of Arianism
(1548-1600)Slide16
Tycho Brahe and Johannes Kepler
1546-1601
1571-1630Slide17
Kepler’s Laws of Planetary MotionLaw of EllipsesEqual Area Law
(Period)
2
/(Major Axis)
3
is the same for all planets.Slide18
Galileo GalileiDirect observations of the heavens with his improved telescopeSaw blemishes on the moon and (later) on the sunRecorded the
Medician
stars and explained their changing positions as moons circling Jupiter
1564-1642Slide19
Isaac NewtonLaw of Gravity: the strength of the gravitational force between two bodies of mass is relative to the inverse square of the distance between their centers of mass.Used this concept of gravity to explain Kepler’s
Laws of motion.
1642-1727Slide20
Robert Hooke, Edmond Halley, John Flamsteed
Robert Hooke 1635-1703
Edmond Halley 1656-1742
John
Flamsteed
1646-1719Slide21
Newton’s Laws of MotionSlide22
Conservation of momentum (P=mv)ƩP=0Slide23Slide24