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Science: A Way of Knowing Science: A Way of Knowing

Science: A Way of Knowing - PowerPoint Presentation

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Science: A Way of Knowing - PPT Presentation

amp Providing Order to the Universe Methods of Science Explanation in Science Science and Pseudoscience The Ordered Universe Geocentric Universe Heliocentric Universe Newtons Laws and the Founding of ID: 612466

science bce universe method bce science method universe idylls gilbert law laws bacon natural motion aristotle william theory 1600

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Slide1

Science: A Way of Knowing & Providing Order to the Universe Slide2

Methods of ScienceExplanation in ScienceScience and PseudoscienceThe Ordered UniverseGeocentric UniverseHeliocentric Universe

Newton’s Laws and the Founding of

Modern ScienceSlide3

Major Methods of ScienceObservation: descriptions of natural phenomena usually in the search for patterns in natureExperiment: manipulation of nature to examine a phenomenonSlide4

Deductive MethodMost typical for natural philosophers following the rediscovery of Aristotle by western EuropeExplanatory method of Plato and PythagorasClearly expounded by

Ren

é

Descartes in

1637 [

Discours

de la méthode

 (Discourse on the Method)].

Ren

é

Descartes 1596-1650Slide5

Inductive or Empirical MethodBased on observationThe experimental method is a subset of the inductive methodFrancis Bacon proposed the Great Instauration

Novum

Organum

(1620)

Francis Bacon 1561-1626Slide6

Human reason can be deceived in the following ways:Idylls of the Tribe (incorrect inference of cause and effect)Idylls of the Den (one’s views are influenced by others and may be upheld by ignoring contravening evidence)

Idylls of the Marketplace (false arguments can be convincing due to ambiguity of communication)

Idylls of the Theater (theories about the world can be false)Slide7

William GilbertContemporary of BaconDid not recognize Bacon as a natural philosopherBacon critical of Gilbert’s explanations

The Alchemists have made a philosophy out of a few experiments of the furnace and Gilbert our countryman hath made a philosophy out of observations of the lodestone.

[Gilbert] has himself become a magnet; that is, he has ascribed too many things to that force and built a ship out of a shell.

William Gilbert 1544-1603Slide8

ExplanationHypothesisTheoryPrincipleLawSlide9

Attributes of PseudoscienceAnything is possible (cannot be falsified)Vague, exaggerated, untested claimsRefutation of alternative theory, but no material confirmation of the claim Slide10

b

iology - geology chemistry

physics

mathematics

COMPLEXITYSlide11

The Ordered UniverseSlide12

Construction of Stonehenge

Earthen banks (~3100 BCE)

Wooden Building (~3000 BCE)

Bluestones (~2600 BCE)

Sarsen Stones (2600-2400 BCE)

Final arrangement (2280-1600 BCE)Slide13

Aristotle of Stagira 348-322 BCE

Eudoxus

of Cnidus 408-355 BCE

Claudius Ptolemy ~90-168 CESlide14

Nicolaus Copernicus

1473-1543Slide15

Giordano BrunoDominican and non-trinitarianPraised Copernican systemOn trial and burned at the stake for heresy of Arianism

(1548-1600)Slide16

Tycho Brahe and Johannes Kepler

1546-1601

1571-1630Slide17

Kepler’s Laws of Planetary MotionLaw of EllipsesEqual Area Law

(Period)

2

/(Major Axis)

3

is the same for all planets.Slide18

Galileo GalileiDirect observations of the heavens with his improved telescopeSaw blemishes on the moon and (later) on the sunRecorded the

Medician

stars and explained their changing positions as moons circling Jupiter

1564-1642Slide19

Isaac NewtonLaw of Gravity: the strength of the gravitational force between two bodies of mass is relative to the inverse square of the distance between their centers of mass.Used this concept of gravity to explain Kepler’s

Laws of motion.

1642-1727Slide20

Robert Hooke, Edmond Halley, John Flamsteed

Robert Hooke 1635-1703

Edmond Halley 1656-1742

John

Flamsteed

1646-1719Slide21

Newton’s Laws of MotionSlide22

Conservation of momentum (P=mv)ƩP=0Slide23
Slide24