AND ADHD By Heather Willis What is ADHD Inattention A child with ADHD Is easily distracted Does not follow directions or finish tasks Does not appear to be listening when someone is speaking ID: 340273
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Stimulants AND ADHD
By: Heather WillisSlide2
What is ADHD?
Inattention -- A child with ADHD:
Is easily distracted
Does not follow directions or finish tasks
Does not appear to be listening when someone is speakingDoes not pay attention and makes careless mistakesIs forgetful about daily activitiesHas problems organizing daily tasksAvoids or dislikes activities that require sitting still or a sustained effortOften loses things, including personal itemsHas a tendency to daydreamHyperactivity -- A child with ADHD:Often squirms, fidgets, or bounces when sittingDoes not stay seated as expectedHas difficulty playing quietlyIs always moving, such as running or climbing on things (In teens and adults, this is more commonly described as a sense of restlessness)Talks excessivelyImpulsivity -- A child with ADHD:Has difficulty waiting for his or her turnBlurts out answers before the question has been completedOften interrupts othersSlide3Slide4
ADHD Symptoms in Adults
Chronic lateness and forgetfulnessAnxietyLow self-esteem
Employment problems
Difficulty controlling anger
ImpulsivenessSubstance abuse or addictionPoor organization skillsProcrastinationLow frustration toleranceChronic boredomDifficulty concentrating when readingMood swingsDepressionRelationship problemsSlide5
Causes:
The exact cause of ADHD is not known, although researchers continue to study the brain for clues. They suspect that there are several factors that may contribute to the condition, including:
Heredity: The fact that ADHD tends to run in families suggests that children may inherit a tendency to develop ADHD from their parents.
Chemical imbalance: Experts believe an imbalance of brain chemicals (neurotransmitters) that transmit nerve impulses may be a factor in the development of ADHD symptoms.
Brain changes: Areas of the brain that control attention are less active in children with ADHD than in children without ADHD.Slide6Slide7
Low Self EsteemSlide8
Children with ADHD can be angry, frustrated and depressed, especially before they’re diagnosed and treated.
Imagine trying, day after day, and failing miserably, and wondering what is wrong with you and why you are different. Kids reports feelings of sadness, anger and frustration.Slide9
To medicate or not to medicate?
Stimulants
used to
treat ADHD are Schedule II drugs.Stimulants are the best-known and most widely used treatments. Between 70-80 percent of children with ADHD respond positively to these medications.Slide10
Psychostimulant Meds:
Common psychostimulant medications used in the treatment of ADHD include methylphenidate (Ritalin, Concerta
,
Metadate
, Focalin), mixed salts of a single-entity amphetamine product (Adderall, Adderall XR), and dextroamphetamine (Dexedrine, Dextrostat). Methylphenidate, amphetamine, and mixed salts of amphetamine are now available as both short- and long-acting preparations. Short-acting preparations generally last approximately 4 hours; long-acting preparations are more variable in duration - with some preparations lasting 6-8 hours, and newer preparations lasting 10-12 hours. Slide11
Non-Stimulant Meds
Although stimulants are the best tested and most widely used medications for the treatment of ADHD, some children, adolescents and adults respond just as well or better to treatment with other medications that are not stimulants.
Atomoxetine
(Strattera) neither a stimulant nor an antidepressant. It alleviates inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity symptoms of ADHD by affecting specific aspects of the norepinephrine system.Antidepressants that only affect the serotonin system - i.e. serotonin selective reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), such as fluoxetine (Prozac), sertraline (Zoloft), and citalopram (Celexa) - have not been shown to be effective for treating primary symptoms of ADHD but may be effective against co-existing conditions. Clonidine (Catapres) and guanfacine (Tenex) are sometimes prescribed to reduce excessive hyperactivity or severe insomnia in children with ADHD.Slide12
How They Work:Stimulants
do not cure ADHD; when effective, it alleviates ADHD symptoms during the time it is active. Thus it is not like an antibiotic that may cure a bacterial infection, but more like eyeglasses that help to improve vision only during the time the eyeglasses are actually worn.Slide13
The effects of
psychostimulant medications are usually noticeable within 30-60 minutes once an appropriate dose for that individual has been found. However, determining the proper dosage and medication schedule for each individual often takes a few weeks.
Nonstimulant
medications often require several weeks before their full effects can be observed.Slide14
For someone with ADHD, stimulants regulate impulsive behavior and improve attention span and focus by increasing the levels of certain chemicals in the brain, such as dopamine and norepinephrine, which help transmit signals between nerves.Slide15
Now you have more dopamine in the synapse, and it is increasing the firing rate. Slide16
Brain ActivitySlide17
Stimulant Side Effects
Decreased Appetite/Weight Loss
Insomnia
Headaches/Stomachaches
LethargyIncreased Blood PressureIrritability/MoodinessNervousness/Anxiety/Panic AttacksMotor TicsDepressionSuicidal Thoughts or TendenciesSlide18
Studies Show:In a study out of Virginia, r
esults showed that 48 percent of the 325 patients surveyed reported at least one side effect, most often loss of appetite, sleep problems, and mood swings. Differences between the drugs in terms of side effects were thought to be minor. About a fifth (21 percent) of the side effects were considered “very bothersome” or “extremely bothersome,” but only 20 percent of patients mentioned the side effects to their physicians.Slide19
State-based Prevalence Data of all Children Receiving ADHD Medication Treatment (2011 - 2012)Slide20
The Other Side of the StorySlide21
Natural Remedies:
TherapyVitamins such as zinc, iron, magnesium, and fish oil.Supplements Nutrition adjustments to a more balanced diet and exclude sugary and processed food.
Avoid certain food colorings and additives.Slide22
References:
"ADHD: Child's Experience." Home. N.p., n.d. Web. . <http://www.parenting.com/health-guide/adhd-attention-deficit-hyperactivity-disorder/childs-experience
>.
"Attention
deficit hyperactivity disorder. U.S. National Library of Medicine, 23 Mar. 2013. Web. . <http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0002518/>."Managing Medication for Children and Adolescents with ADHD (WWK3)." Managing Medication for Children and Adolescents with ADHD (WWK3). N.p., n.d. Web. 23 Apr. 2014. "» Side Effects of ADHD Medications - Psych Central." Psych Central.com. N.p., n.d. Web. . <http://psychcentral.com/lib/side-effects-of-adhd-medications/0003782>."What Is ADHD? Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: What You Need to Know." WebMD. WebMD, n.d. Web. 23 Apr. 2014.