18201860 A10Q 71030 Essential Question To what degree was the South developing as a distinctively different region from the rest of the United States during the period 1820 to 1860 To what degree did slavery shape life in the South during this period ID: 686100
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Slide1
THE ANTEBELLUM SOUTH
THE OLD SOUTH & SLAVERY
1820-1860
A10Q
7.10.30Slide2
Essential QuestionTo what degree was the South developing as a distinctively different region from the rest of the United States during the period 1820 to 1860?
To what degree did slavery shape life in the South during this period?
(Consider political, economic, social and intellectual aspects of life in the South)Slide3
Characteristics of the Antebellum South
Primarily agrarian.
Economic power shifted from the
“upper South” to the “lower South.”
“Cotton Is King!”
* 1860
5 mil. bales a yr.
(57% of total US exports).
Very slow development of industrialization.
Rudimentary financial system.
Inadequate transportation system.Slide4
Early Emancipation in the NorthSlide5
The Agricultural Economy of the South,1860 Slide6
Changes in Cotton Production
1820
▲
1860
▼Slide7
Value of Cotton Exports
As a Percentage of All U.S. ExportsSlide8
Southern PopulationSlide9
Graniteville Textile Co.
Founded in 1845, it was the South’s first attempt at industrialization in Richmond, VASlide10
Southern AgricultureSlide11
Slaves Picking Cotton
on a Mississippi PlantationSlide12
Eli WhitneyInvented cotton gin in 1793Removed the seed, cotton production now seen as profitable50% more efficient than picking by hand
Cotton becomes main cash crop of south
Increased the need for slaves, unintended effect
Black Belt- cotton production moved into Georgia, Mississippi, AlabamaSlide13
Southern EconomySouth became a monopolistic economy, dominated by wealthy plantation ownersIndustrial growth lagged behind the NorthSoutherners resentful the North made huge profits at their expense
South complained of northern middlemen, bankers, and shippers
South resentful being so dependent on northern manufactures and markets
Attention was drawn away from the development of southern citiesSlide14
Slaves Using the Cotton GinSlide15
“Hauling the Whole Week’s Pickings”
William Henry Brown, 1842Slide16
Slaves Working
in a Sugar-Boiling House, 1823Slide17
Southern Society (1850)
“Slavocracy”
[plantation owners
]
The “Plain Folk”
[white yeoman farmers]
6,000,000
Black Freemen
Black Slaves
3,200,000
250,000
Total US Population
23,000,000
[9,250,000 in the South = 40%]Slide18
Planter Class
Held enormous political power
* Accomplished this despite small numbers
* Especially true in upper south
Often viewed as “Aristocrats”
* Most did not live life of luxury
* Most $ went into purchasing more land
Adopted code of “Chivalry”
* Concern for defending honor
Slide19
“Southern Lady”
Subordinate to men
“Women, like children, have but one right, and that is the right to protection. The right to protection involves the obligation to obey”
Minimal Exposure to “public world”
Small Plantations
* May spin, weave, assist with farming
Large Plantations
* Less involved
Slide20
“Plain Folk”Subsistence Farmers“Yeoman Farmer”
Inferior Education
Lower Literacy Rates
Subordinate to Upper ClassSlide21
“Plain Folk”Minority “Hill people”
Living in or west of Appalachians
Isolated from slave
culture
“White Trash” or “Crackers”
Extremely poor whites
Majority –
Live around Plantations
Depend on upper class for economic supportSlide22
Southern Society in 1860Slide23
Weaknesses of Plantation SystemRelied on a one crop economyRepelled large scale European immigrationStimulated racism among poor whites
Created an aristocratic political eliteSlide24
US Laws Regarding Slavery
U. S. Constitution
:
* 3/5s compromise [I.2]
* fugitive slave clause [IV.2]
1793
Fugitive Slave Act
.
1850
stronger
Fugitive Slave Act
.Slide25
Southern Slavery--> An Aberration?
1780s
: 1
st
antislavery society created in Phila.
By 1804
: slavery eliminated from last northern state.
1807
: the legal termination of the slave trade, enforced by the Royal Navy.
1820s
: newly indep. Republics of Central & So. America declared their slaves free.
1833
: slavery abolished throughout the British Empire.
1844
: slavery abolished in the Fr. colonies.
1861
: the serfs of Russia were emancipated.Slide26
Slavery Was Less Efficient
in the U. S. than Elsewhere
High cost of keeping slaves from
escaping.
GOAL
raise the “exit cost.”
Slave patrols
.
Southern
Black Codes
.
Cut off a toe or a foot.Slide27
Slave Auction Notice, 1823Slide28
Slave Auction: Charleston,
SC-1856Slide29
Slave Master
Brands
Slave Accoutrements
Slave muzzleSlide30
Anti-Slave PamphletSlide31
Slave tag, SC
Slave Accoutrements
Slave leg irons
Slave shoesSlide32
Slave-Owning Population (1850)Slide33
Slave-Owning Families (1850)Slide34
Slave SystemSlave pop. 4 million by 1860, 4x as many in 1800Importation ended in 1808Slaves were treated as property
They were deprived of their African names, culture and religion
Africanism
- survived as an African American subculture in music, religion and folklore
Deprived of their dignitySlide35
Treatment of Slaves Suffered cruel physical and psychological treatmentWere convinced they were inferior and deserved their lot in lifeSlaves were provided with limited diet, clothing, housing and medical care
Discipline by whip very common
House servants treated better than field workers
75% worked as field hands
Illegal to teach slaves to read and write- fear give slaves idea of freedomSlide36
Treatment of SlavesSlave pop. Increased due to breedingOwners rewarded slave women for having many childrenSexual abuse of female slaves common
White slave owners often fathered sizable mulatto population, most remained slaves
Marriages were not recognized
Sale of slaves did not respect family ties
Sold down the river- meant being sold to owner in deep southSlide37
The Culture of Slavery
Black Christianity [Baptists or Methodists]:
* more emotional worship services.
* negro spirituals.
“Pidgin”
or
Gullah
languages.
Nuclear family with extended kin links,
where possible.
Importance of music in their lives. [esp. spirituals].Slide38
Slave Resistance
1.
Slowing down the work pace
Isolated acts of sabotage
.
Escape via the
Underground Railroad
.
Organized Revolts (Rarest form
)
Poisoned foodSlide39
Runaway Slave AdsSlide40
Haitian Revolution - 1791Blacks outnumber whites
475,000 Blacks
40,000 Whites
Estimated Deaths
200,000 Blacks
100,000 Whites
1804 - Haitian Constitution
Followed by Massacre of remaining Whites
May have sparked increase in US attempted revoltsSlide41
Slave Rebellions
1800 - Gabriel Prosser
Richmond, VA
1000 Slaves
Plot revealed before revolt began
35 executed
1822 - Denmark Vesey
Free Black living in Charleston
Rumored 9000 followers
Plot revealed before revolt began
Led to further suppression Slide42
Slave Rebellions
1833 – Nat
Turner in Virginia
Slave Preacher
Killed 60 white men, women, children
100+ Slaves murdered in
response
Caused widespread anxiety among plantation owners causing stricter black codesSlide43
B. WHITE SOCIETY & CULTURE
Why did many Southerners support the slave system when 75% didn’t own slaves?
Was there a change in attitude re slavery?
How did they justify slavery?
Who did NOT support the slave system?
Plantation House, St. Mary’s, MD (1830s)
Southern Yeoman farmer’s homeSlide44
B. WHITE SOCIETY & CULTURE
3. Defense of Slavery & White Supremacy
“necessary evil”
→ “positive good”
Legal & constitutional
History of Greece and Rome
Religious
– the Bible
Better than North – “wage slaves”
Black Inferiority
[Among Southerners]
Elevated poor
whites
Paternalistic view- necessary to protect blacks from mistreatment and abuse they would receive if they were freedSlide45
Southern White ParanoiaFeared more revoltsInfuriated by abolitionists propagandaBelieved institution benefited both races
Biological racial superiority to justify slavery
Gag Resolutions- southern fears of debate of anti-slavery appeals- prevented debate on abolition proposals
Black Codes- banned from holding office, no jury trial, could not carry firearmsSlide46
Southern Pro-Slavery PropagandaSlide47
Paths of the Internal Slave Trade