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The Sociology of Biological Intelligence The Sociology of Biological Intelligence

The Sociology of Biological Intelligence - PowerPoint Presentation

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The Sociology of Biological Intelligence - PPT Presentation

Linda S Gottfredson PhD School of Education University of Delaware USA Hans J Eysenck Lecture International Society for the Study of Individual Differences London July 26 2011 1 ID: 183063

differences amp genetic job amp differences job genetic social educ life health task performance jobs intelligence complex tasks population

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Slide1

The Sociology of Biological Intelligence

Linda S. Gottfredson, PhDSchool of EducationUniversity of Delaware, USA

Hans J.

Eysenck

LectureInternational Society for the Study of Individual Differences London, July 26, 2011

1

Speaker

notes included for many slidesSlide2

Eysenck and the London School

2Slide3

3 points about variation in g

Human variation in g social structure Population variation is a social factUse life tasks as a heuristic to trace its structural effects 3 examples of structural effects

Evolution of occupational hierarchyEvolution of high human intelligenceEmergence of pervasive health disparities

3

Three points & three examplesSlide4

Eysenck’s

biological (vertical) focus

4

Genetic

differences

Non-genetic

influences

“Environmental”

differences

Life outcomes

Educ

& job performance

Educ

& job level

Health

IQ scores

Brain

 

g

VER

T

I

CAL

HORIZONTAL

But he also looked at its social consequencesSlide5

Sociologists’ life-course path model

5

Early

heritability

of social class studies

1972

1977

1979Slide6

Consistent pattern of correlations

 

FatherSon

 

OccupationIQ

Education

Occupational

Earnings

Father

Education

.48

.27

.40

.28

.20

Occupation

.29

.38

.31

.22

Son

IQ

.57

.46

.28

Education

.61

.38

Occupation

.43

 

 

 

 

 

 

6

Object of much causal modelingSlide7

Sociology’s assumptions & inferences, 1970s

7

Genetic

differences

Non-genetic

Influences

“Environmental”

differences

Life

outcomes

Educ

& j

ob performance

Educ

& job level

Health

IQ scores

Brain

 

g

VER

T

I

CAL

HORIZONTALSlide8

Sociology’s assumptions & inferences

8

Genetic

differences

Non-genetic

Influences

“Environmental”

differences

Life

outcomes

Educ

& j

ob performance

Educ

& job level

Health

IQ scores

Brain

 

g

VER

T

I

CAL

HORIZONTAL

Social background social destination

Family IQ

Educ

Occ

Income

No traits

No genetic component

Individual differences = “inequalities”Slide9

Sociology’s assumptions & inferences, 1970s

9

Genetic

differences

Non-genetic

Influences

“Environmental”

differences

Life

outcomes

Educ

& j

ob performance

Educ

& job level

Health

IQ scores

Brain

 

g

VER

T

I

CAL

HORIZONTAL

Social background social destination

Family IQ

Educ

Occ

Income

No traits

No genetic component

Individual differences = “inequalities”

XSlide10

10

Human variation = biological fact

IQSlide11

11

Everywhere

Wide spread (like height)

Predictable form

(~normal curve

)

In all times

In all placesSlide12

My focus—what role

variation?

12

Genetic

differences

Non-genetic

Influences

“Environmental”

differences

Life outcomes

Educ

& job performance

Educ

& job level

Health

IQ scores

Brain

 

Intelligence d

ifferences (

g

)

VER

T

I

CAL

HORIZONTAL

Impact on life in human groups? Slide13

Life outcomes

Educ & job performance Educ

& job level Health

Sociology of intelligence

13

Genetic

differences

Non-genetic

influences

“Environmental”

differences

Differences in test scores (

IQ)

Brain

 

Intelligence d

ifferences (

g

)

VER

T

I

CAL

HORIZONTAL

Group differencesSlide14

Life outcomes

Educ & job performance Educ

& job level Health

Sociology of intelligence—other units of analysis

14

Genetic

differences

Non-genetic

influences

“Environmental”

differences

Differences in test scores (

IQ)

Social structures

(distal)

Economy

Innovation

Occupational hierarchy

 

Interpersonal contexts

(

proximal)

Rates of social

pathology

Sub-group

norms, mores

Disorganization

 

Brain

 

Intelligence d

ifferences (

g

)

VER

T

I

CAL

HORIZONTAL

Flows of info & error (Robert Gordon)

Geography of intelligence (Richard Lynn, Phil Rushton)

Syntality

(R. B.

Cattell

,

Heiner

Rinderman

)

Group differencesSlide15

Life outcomes

Educ & job performance Educ

& job level Health

Example 1

15

Genetic

differences

Non-genetic

influences

“Environmental”

differences

IQ scores

Social structures

(

distal

)

Economy

Innovation

Occupational hierarchy

 

Interpersonal contexts

(proximal

)

Rates of social

pathology

Sub-group

norms, mores

Disorganization

 

Brain

 

Intelligence d

ifferences (

g

)

VER

T

I

CAL

HORIZONTAL

Discovery in 1960s: It’s the same everywhereSlide16

Intelligence in the 1980s—psychology

16

Rigorous but controversial

Popular denials of g

1977

1980

1989

1980

New journals

1985

1983

1986

VG

1986 Aptitude patterns mapSlide17

Sociological view of jobs

17

Prestige

Education

Income

Rewards

Content

?

?

?

?

?

?

?

?

?

?

?Slide18

Prestige lines up best with workers’ average IQ

Workers’ IQ average is higher

But do more prestigious occupations really need smarter workers?Slide19

Prestige lines up best with workers’ average IQ

Workers’ IQ average is higher

But do more prestigious occupations really need smarter workers?

Sociology in 1970s

“No”

Hierarchy based on power

IQ = privilege, not merit

~All can master any jobSlide20

Rebuttal—part 1

Workers’ IQ average is higher

g

predicts performance within all jobs

VGSlide21

Rebuttal—part 2

Workers’ IQ average is higher

g

predicts performance within

all

jobs

g

predicts better in

higher

jobs

VGSlide22

Rebuttal—part 3

Workers’ IQ average is higher

g

predicts performance in

all

jobs

g

predicts better in

higher

jobs

VG

Jobs more complex

Job analysisSlide23

Rebuttal—part 3

Workers’ IQ average is higher

g

predicts performance in

all

jobs

g

predicts better in

higher

jobs

VG

Jobs more complex

Job complexity factor =

Reasoning demands factor =

So –

1

st

factor among jobs mirrors

1

st

factor among people (

g

)

Job analysis

Why?

Mechanism??Slide24

How many jobs in the Pleistocene?

24

Ache Hunter

Gatherer Slide25

1. Human population

(fixed) 2. Task population (fluid)3. Ceaseless (re)sorting

?

simple

complex

Low

g

High

g

?

?

Two populations engageSlide26

1. Human population

(fixed) 2. Task population (fluid)3. Ceaseless (re)sorting

?

simple

complex

Low

g

High

g

?

?

Potential workforce

Two populations engage

Tasks proliferate, jobs evolveSlide27

1. Human population

(fixed)

2. Task population (fluid)

3. Ceaseless (re)sorting

?

simple

complex

Low

g

High

g

?

?

Tasks proliferate, jobs evolve

Potential workforce

Work behavior

Productivity

Two populations engageSlide28

1. Human population

(fixed)

2. Task population (fluid)

3. Ceaseless (re)sorting

?

simple

complex

Low

g

High

g

?

?

Tasks proliferate, jobs evolve

Potential workforce

Work behavior

Productivity

Two populations engageSlide29

1. Human population

(fixed)

2. Task population (fluid)

3. Ceaseless (re)sorting

?

simple

complex

Low

g

High

g

?

?

Tasks proliferate, jobs evolve

Potential workforce

Work behavior

Productivity

Two populations engageSlide30

The task heuristic

Humans generate instrumental tasks Tasks evoke performance differencesMyriad tweaks in who does whatToward higher g-e correlationOccupational hierarchy is human’s extended phenotype

30Slide31

Example 2—the 1990s

31Slide32

1990, London School comes to Manhattan

32Slide33

Intelligence in the 1990s

33

1997

1998

1993

1994

?

1997 “Why

g

matters”Slide34

What is ____ ?

Ability: “the possible variations over individuals in the liminal [threshold] levels of task difficulty …at which, on any given occasion in which all conditions appear favorable, individuals perform successfully on a defined class of tasks”Task:

“any activity in which a person engages, given an appropriate setting, in order to achieve a specifiable class of objectives, final results, or terminal states of affairs”Cognitive task: “any task in which correct or appropriate processing of mental information is critical to successful performance”Carroll (1993)

34

?Slide35

What is ____ ?

Ability: “the possible variations over individuals in the liminal [threshold] levels of task difficulty …at which, on any given occasion in which all conditions appear favorable, individuals perform successfully on a defined class of tasks”Task:

“any activity in which a person engages, given an appropriate setting, in order to achieve a specifiable class of objectives, final results, or terminal states of affairs”Cognitive task: “any task in which correct or appropriate processing of mental information is critical to successful performance”Carroll (1993)

35

?

Ability = behavior in response to

task

stimuliSlide36

Life outcomes

Educ & job performance Educ

& job level Health

Example 2

36

Genetic

differences

Non-genetic

influences

“Environmental”

differences

IQ scores

Social structures

(

distal

)

Economy

Innovation

Occupational hierarchy

 

Interpersonal contexts

(proximal

)

Rates of social

pathology

Sub-group

norms, mores

Disorganization

 

Brain

 

Intelligence d

ifferences (

g

)

VER

T

I

CAL

HORIZONTAL

Evo

psych— Intelligence is modularSlide37

Could a

general intelligence have evolved?Some evo psych—“no” Modular brain

Specific heuristics for specific needs

37

But it

did

evolveSlide38

Could a

general intelligence have evolved?Some evo psych—“no” Modular brain

Specific heuristics for specific needsOther evo psych—”yes” “Mating mind”“Social brain”

38

But it

did

evolve

But

g

is instrumental, not socialSlide39

Challenge

g is generalWhat selection pressure was equally general and unique to humans?Human innovationNovel tasks

Novel hazardsRelative risk steepens

39

HypothesisSlide40

Life outcomes

Educ & job performance Educ

& job level Health

Example 2

40

Genetic

differences

Non-genetic

influences

“Environmental”

differences

IQ scores

Social structures

(

distal

)

Economy

Innovation

Occupational hierarchy

 

Interpersonal contexts

(proximal

)

Rates of social

pathology

Sub-group

norms, mores

Disorganization

 

Brain

 

Intelligence d

ifferences (

g

)

VER

T

I

CAL

HORIZONTAL

Tasks evoke phenotypesSlide41

1. Human population

(fixed) 2. Task population (fluid)

?

simple

complex

Low

g

High

g

?

?

Innovators generate

novel tools & tasks

Novel = complex

Novel = risk of error & injury (fire, cuts, collisions)Slide42

USA (1986)

Ache (<1971)

Age:

15-24

25-34

35-44

45-64

0-3

4-14

15-59

Illness

22

44

72

93

50

35

49

Accident

51

31

15

4

3

25

37

Suicide

13

12

7

2

0

0

0

Homicide

14

13

6

1

47

40

14

% of civilian deathsSlide43

Snake bite

DrownedLightningGot lost

USA (1986)

Ache (<1971)

Age:

15-24

25-34

35-44

45-64

0-3

4-14

15-59

Illness

22

44

72

93

50

35

49

Accident

51

31

15

4

3

25

37

Suicide

13

12

7

2

0

0

0

Homicide

14

13

6

1

47

40

14

% of civilian deaths

Drowning

Firearms

Vehicles

Lightning

Cut/pierced

Caught/crushed

Falling object

Machines

Hi

relative

risk by SES & male

Snake bite

Falling object

Lightning

Jaguar

All preventable using “mind’s eye”

FIRESlide44

Snake bite

DrownedLightningGot lost

USA (1986)

Ache (<1971)

Age:

15-24

25-34

35-44

45-64

0-3

4-14

15-59

Illness

22

44

72

93

50

35

49

Accident

51

31

15

4

3

25

37

Suicide

13

12

7

2

0

0

0

Homicide

14

13

6

1

47

40

14

% of civilian deaths

Drowning

Firearms

Vehicles

Lightning

Cut/pierced

Caught/crushed

Falling object

Machines

Hi

relative

risk by SES & male

Snake bite

Falling object

Lightning

Jaguar

Parent(s) diedSlide45

45

Preventing accidents = cognitive process

“Keeping systems under control”

Hazards of daily lifeSlide46

Task clues from job analysis

“Judgment & Reasoning Factor” (1st factor)Deal with unexpected situationsLearn & recall job-related informationReason & make judgmentsIdentify problem situations quicklyReact swiftly when unexpected problems occur

Apply common sense to solve problems

46

None of these is domain-specific.Slide47

Imaginators

Innovate to adapt to harsher

climates:

clothing, shelter

storage, preservation

Bigger consequences More hazards More complexity More innovations

Relative risk

steepens

Mean IQ rises

Selection walk?

IllustrationSlide48

Not the obviousStarvation,

harsh climateBecause g-based benefits shared—meat from hunting, shelterBut the “minor” side-effects of core tasks “Accidental” injury—the myriad low-probability, chance-laden, oft-ignored

hazards in daily choresBecause their g-based costs not shared

Ecological pressure?

Lesson—

Hazards are

unobtrusive

tests

Not avoided if not seen

Not seen if weak “mind’s eye” Slide49

Opportunity to learn & reason +

within-group variation in g = opportunity for selectionTiny effect size + many generations =

big shift in distribution

Simpler life ≠

g-

proof environmentSlide50

Example 3—Health disparities

Same principlesTask requirementsMind’s eye to recognize themAggregate small risks Applied to health self-careDiabetes self-management

50Slide51

Current models of health disparities

Assumption:

Disparities can be traced to social inequalities

Braverman

,

Egerter

, & Williams, 2011, Figure 2Slide52

Current models of health disparities

Assumption:

Disparities can be traced to social inequalities

Unique challenge:

How does inequality “get under the skin”?Slide53

Current models of health disparities

Assumption:

Disparities can be traced to social inequalities

Unique challenge:

How does inequality “get under the skin”?

Usual constraint:

No traits

Behavior not genetic

How does inequality kill?Slide54

Diabetes self-management

54

A complex “job”

UnwantedLittle trainingLittle supervisionLittle feedback

Much non-adherenceSlide55

Learn about diabetes in general

(At “entry’)Physiological processInterdependence of diet, exercise, medsSymptoms & corrective actionConsequences of poor controlApply knowledge to own case

(Daily, Hourly)Implement appropriate regimen Continuously monitor physical signs Diagnose problems in timely mannerAdjust

food, exercise, meds in timely and appropriate manner Coordinate with relevant parties (Frequently)

Negotiate changes in activities with family, friends, job Enlist/capitalize on social supportCommunicate status and needs to practitionersUpdate knowledge & adjust regimen

(Occasionally)When other chronic conditions or disabilities develop

When

new treatments

available

When life

circumstances change

Self-management

Job descriptionSlide56

Not

mechanically following a recipeTask—keep complex system under control in often unpredictable circumstances Goal—prevent complicationsPerformance measures—what doesn’t developBlindness

AmputationsKidney failureHeart attack

* See Gottfredson (1997, 2006)

Mimics accident prevention process

Tremendous need for mind’s eyeSlide57

1. Patients differ in cognitive ability (IQ/

g) 2. Health tasks differ in complexity (

g loading)

?

simple

complex

Low IQ

High IQ

?

?

3. Error rates

(non-adherence)

rise at

lower

IQ

rise with complexity

error

error

Relative risk generatorSlide58

1. Patients differ in cognitive ability (IQ/

g) 2. Health tasks differ in complexity (

g loading)

?

simple

complex

Low IQ

High IQ

?

?

3. Error rates

(non-adherence)

rise at

lower

IQ

rise with complexity

error

error

Relativ

e risk steepens when

self-care more complex

New treatments

AgingSlide59

Practical implications?

59

Cannot eradicate

g-based disparities withoutExtreme state coercion

To redistribute resourcesTo create negative gene-environment correlationsCannot level differences in patient “literacy”But can husband their cognitive resourcesSlide60

Collaborative project in Delaware

60

Audit self-management tasks

(provider survey)

Rank by criticalityRank by difficulty of learningExamples of critical patient errors

Identify cognitive hurdles in self-care

(patient focus groups)

Design a job ladder, from novice to expert

(prioritize/triage tasks)

Redesign training

(for greater cognitively accessibility)

Access to care isn’t enough—effectively exploiting it is also requiredSlide61

Performance in schools, work, and everyday life

Non-biological sociology

Limited valueSlide62

Human variation in traits (intelligence)

Performance in schools, work, and everyday life

Biological Sociology

Intelligence: A New LookSlide63

63

Thank you