Variation-selection in the innovation of the retractable ai - PowerPoint Presentation

Slide1

Variation-selection in the innovation of the retractable airplane landing gear: the Northrop ‘anomaly’

Walter G.

Vincenti

경영학과 오퍼레이션전공

석사

2

학기 서동엽

/

오다

아야카Slide2

Quick Summary

In the early 1930s, airplane landing gear went through the process of technical change.

However, Northrop introduced a modified landing gear, which looks anomalous in the context of its time.It proves a typical of the variation-selection learning process normal in engineering.Slide3

Revolution in Airplane Landing Gear (1930s)

Retractable landing gear entered prominently into airplane design in the first half of the 1930s.

Fixed

Gear

Retractable

Gear

simple design of bars, wheels, and brakes that are not retractable into the wings or fuselage

The landing gear is attached to motors which lower it before landing

reduces the risk of problems at landing, but it does create extra drag during flight

causes no extra drag. increases the length of flight significantlySlide4

Northrop ‘Alpha’ - Initial version

Inaugurated the series in 1930.

Featured stressed-skin all-metal construction.

Channel-shaped aluminum wing

FIXED landing gear

“A retractile gear is being designed to be incorporated

later.” (1929)

-Jack NorthropSlide5

New Northrop ‘Alpha’

“Pants” type gear

왜

Northrop

은

retractable

landing gear

를 채택하지 않았나

?

Northrop

의 선택이 옳았다고 생각하는가

?Slide6

Northrop

Following the XFT-1, Northrop began apparently to see the trade-offs differently.

As speeds continued to climb, the need to reduce drag became dominant.Gradually went over to the retractable gear.

Northrop Grumman ‘

B-2

Spirit ‘

결국

retractable landing gear

를 선택하지 않았나

?

아직도

선택이 옳다고 생각하는가

? Slide7

‘

Unforesigtedness’

Northrop’s trouser gear served as a variant.What is the take-away from the blind person’s story?Slide8

What is Variation-Selection Model?

Dominant Design

Design 1

Design 2

Design 4

Design 3

Design 7

Design 5

Design 6Slide9

Theory

vs Practice

Theory has a limited role in guiding practice. Practice serves indispensably to appraise (or to reshape) theory.

Science

과 기술의 변화

Dosi

(1982) defined “technological paradigm” as “model” and a “pattern” of solution of selected technological problems, based on selected principles derived from natural sciences and on selected material technologies.

Heuristics?Slide10

Scientific realism

vs Relativism

Realism or Relativism for Technical change theory?

External World

Scientific Evaluation and testing

Genuine knowledge

Scientific Realism’s view of Reality

Uninterpreted

Reality

Public Construction

Of Reality

Scientist’s worldview

Research Paradigm

Mental Interpretation

of Reality

Relativistic view of RealitySlide11

Critique / Further Research Suggestions

Because this article was more like a case study, it is difficult to criticize any shortcomings. I think it would be interesting if we look at other cases where we can see the variation-selection learning

process. Also it may be interesting to look at how the environment changed after the technical change in the landing gear occurred, like the study done by Tushman and Anderson (1986).

The major difference between scientific realism and relativistic view is in the nature of scientific reality

. I personally

think the author’s view is more close to ‘relativistic view’ - the concept that points of view have no absolute truth or reality, which I totally agree with him. Because the way how technology is adopted and change is more relative, subjective according to differences in perception and consideration

. Slide12

Thank you ^^