Civil Rights amp Civil Liberties Defining Civil Rights The phrase Civil Rights is a translation of the Latin phrase ius civis rights or law protecting a citizen From Ancient Rome ID: 1044133
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1. A Long History of InequalityCivil Rights & Civil Liberties
2. Defining Civil RightsThe phrase “Civil Rights" is a translation of the Latin phrase, ius civis (rights or law protecting a citizen). (From Ancient Rome)Roman citizens could be either free upper class (Patrician) or free lower class (Plebeians). (full rights of citizens)Freed slaves were known as (libertus). (partial rights) (libertus=set free)Slaves were known as (servitus). (not based on race since the idea of race did not exist in Rome (regionalism instead). (no rights, but anyone could become a slave and any slave could become free)(English “service, service industry, servitude”, etc.)Today, civil liberties and civil rights are guarantees by the government that it (government) must treat people equally, and that individuals must also treat others equally, particularly people belonging to groups that have historically been denied the same rights and opportunities as others.
3. The historical, written record of Slavery can be traced back to early records, such as the Babylonian Code of Hammurabi (c. 1760 BC), and Sumerian Code of Ur-Nammu (c2100 BC).First recorded mentioning of slavery is over 4100 years old and the system was well organized by then, so the institution must be older.Conquest-based slavery.
4. The word, “slavery”, was never stated in the U.S. Constitution, but the issue would dominate U.S. history and the concept of civil rights in this country. (the issue of race-based slavery, unique to the Americas, would not be dealt with until almost 90 years after the Constitutional Convention during the Civil War, causing over 600,000 U.S. deaths.)Anti-Federalists would not support the ratification of the U.S. Constitution without a Bill or Rights.The Bill of Rights was written by James Madison, who used the Virginia Bill of Rights, English Bill of Rights and Magna Carta as sources.The Bill of Rights (first 10 amendments) was ratified in 1791.Beginning of Civil Rights and Race in the U.S.
5. Civil RightsCivil LibertiesThese are limits placed on the government or things the government can’t do.These are often limits on majorities or minorities in society, to guarantee equal protection from discrimination by those majorities. (tyranny of the majority or minority)Substantive LibertiesThese are limits on what the government can do to you during your daily life, such as the Establishment and Free Exercise clause, the 1st amendment.Procedural LibertiesThese are limits on how the government can act once they must do something to enforce law against you, such as presumption of innocence and due process of law, right to an attorney, jury trial, etc.1st-10th Amendments 13th, 14th, 15th Amendments, and Statutory Law, (Civil Rights Act, Voting Rights Act, etc.) 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 9th, 10th 5th, 6th, 7th, 8th
6. Barron v. Baltimore (1833)Ruled that the Bill of Rights only applied to the National Government, not to the States. It protects you only from Federal government action, and protection from state action required lawsuits, and “selective incorporation” for the states by Supreme Court ruling.Civil War or Reconstruction Amendments13th Amendment-abolished slavery (1865)14th Amendment-equal protection and citizenship (1868)15th Amendment- voting rights (1870)
7. 14th Amendment (equal protection clause) (1868) -Was supposed to overrule Barron v. BaltimoreSection 1.All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the state wherein they reside. No state shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any state deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.Selective IncorporationBefore federal protection can apply to a state, a lawsuit must reach the Supreme Court on a case by case basis, then once ruled on, the protection will apply to all states.Barron v. Baltimore (1833)
8. Reconstruction (1865-1877)Union armies occupy Southern statesRadical Republicans pass laws to secure rights for freed slavesArmed enforcement of civil rights in the SouthPresident Andrew Johnson impeached for opposing ReconstructionFamous Reconstruction Louisiana LegislatorsJohn Willis Ménard was the first African American in the United States to speak from the floor of Congress, but was not allowed to actually take his seat.Charles E. Nash was the only African American actually to represent Louisiana in the United States Congress during the Reconstruction period. Pinckney Benton Stewart Pinchback served as the only African American acting governor of Louisiana during the thirty-five day period after the state legislature impeached Governor Henry Clay Warmoth over the election of 1872.
9. Black Codes (1865 & 1866)Laws passed by Southern states to restrict civil rights of freed slaves.Louisiana already had Code Noir since 1685.Peonage, Vagrancy, Convict Leasing Laws, grandfather clausesPeonage was a form of debt slavery utilized by southern states in which former slaves were loaned money by business owners, and did work to pay back the loan, but often had to borrow more, thus entering into a cycle of debt bondage.Vagrancy laws were passed to arrest anyone homeless, begging, or unemployed, often rounding up newly freed former slaves and forcing them into prison labor, such as convict leasing.Reconstruction Violence in LouisianaNew Orleans Riots of 1866-reaction to black codes by white and black radical republicans vs. city police, firefighters and democrats. Union troops called in.Colfax Riots of 1872-The Colfax Riot of Grant Parish was the bloodiest single instance of racial violence in the Reconstruction era in all of the United States. Fighting over the election of 1872.
10. Reconstruction Violence in Louisiana1873-First Battle of the Cabildo- Democrats fight against the Metropolitan Police of New Orleans battling over the election of Republican Governor Kellogg in 1872 who defeated John McEnery. Coushatta Massacre- White League influence spread to northwest Louisiana in the summer of 1874. Its brutal actions targeted whites as well as blacks. Battle of Liberty Place- On September 14, 1874 the Republican New Orleans Metropolitan Police once again clashed with Democratic militia forces, now organized as the Crescent City White League. White league wins, but federal troops sent by President Grant restore order.Video 2
11. Election of 1876The United States presidential election of 1876 was one of the most disputed presidential elections in American history. Democrat, Samuel J. Tilden of New York outpolled Ohio's Republican, Rutherford B. Hayes in the popular vote, and had one vote short of majority with 184 electoral votes to Hayes' 165, with 20 votes uncounted in Florida, Louisiana, and South Carolina with each party reporting its candidate had won the state.A deal was struck to resolve the dispute: the Compromise of 1877. In return for the Democrats letting Hayes win the election, the Republicans agreed to withdraw federal troops from the South, and racist governments took over all Sothern states under Jim Crow Law.
12. Jim Crow Laws (1877-1965)State and local laws that enforced racial segregation in the United States.Jim Crow name originates from "Jump Jim Crow" black-face minstrel music (1832)Crows who ate crops were poisoned with whiskey-dipped corn to make them unable to fly and only jump around.Crows were then easily killed, many times using metal bars (rods called jimmies. aka. Today’s crowbar used to jimmy open a lock)Jimmie and Crow became racist names.This is America Video C. Gambino-Donald GloverGrammy Album and Song of the year 2018Video
13. Post-Reconstruction Violence in LouisianaSecond Battle of the Cabildo-The 1876 Governor’s election was disputed in which both Republican Stephen B. Packard and Democrat Francis T. Nicholls claimed a majority of votes and established separate governments. In January 1877, on the morning after Nicholls's inauguration, he sent 3,000 men to take the Cabildo, seat of the Louisiana state supreme court and headquarters for the Metropolitan Police. Democrats win and “Redeem” white control of Louisiana.The Thibodaux massacre was a racial attack against striking sugar cane workers, committed by the Knights of the White Camellia in Thibodaux, Louisiana in November 1887.
14. Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)Resistance to Jim Crow hit a major point when in 1892, Homer Plessy sued to ride a “white-only” train from New Orleans to Covington.In four years, there was a landmark decision of the U.S. Supreme Court issued in 1896. It upheld the constitutionality of racial segregation laws, as long as the segregated facilities were equal in quality – a doctrine that came to be known as "separate but equal". (segregation)video
15. 20th Century White SupremacyA resurgence of racism occurred in the 1920’s through the 50’s.The Ku Klux Klan found new popularity at this time.Lynching of African Americans was a scourge across the south.Segregation ruled all aspects of life in the South.Video to 3:31
16. After the Great Depression and WWIIGrowing wealth and a growing middle class.Wages rising among most Americans.Access to modern technology (TV)Higher standard of livingRedlining (home buying discrimination)New music and culture in the 50’sAfrican Americans suffered from universal discrimination, segregation, poverty, and lack of civil rights.
17. Brown v. Board of Education (1954)Supreme Court case declaring (9-0) that state laws establishing separate public schools for black and white students were unconstitutional, overturning Plessy v. Ferguson.The Civil Rights Movement (1950’s-1960’s)The Civil Rights Act of 1964Struggle for social justice for African Americans, led by Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., to gain equal rights. Involved peaceful protest, marches, bus boycotts, restaurant sit-ins, speeches, etc.First proposed by John F. Kennedy, signed into law by Lyndon B. Johnson, it ended segregation in public places and banned employment discrimination on the basis of race, color, religion, sex or national origin.
18. Desegregation / IntegrationIn 1948 President Harry Truman issued Executive Order 9981, outlawing racial segregation in the U.S. Armed Forces.After the 1954 Brown v. Board of Education ruling, a policy of "massive resistance" was declared by Virginia Senator Harry F. Byrd and led to the closing of nine schools.In 1957 Governor Orval Faubus of Arkansas tried to prevent nine black students from attending a newly desegregated school, but was stopped by Federal troops sent by President Dwight D. Eisenhower.In 1963 Alabama Governor George Wallace stood at the door of the Foster Auditorium at the University of Alabama, to try to block the entry of African American students. In response, President John F. Kennedy sent in armed forces to remove him. videovideo2George Wallace
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20. Desegregation in St. Charles ParishIn the early sixties, the parish school system began to plan for desegregation of public schools. The voluntary integration of schools began in 1965–66, but it was not until1969 that total integration of all schools occurred.In 1969, then all-Black Mary M. BethuneHigh School in Norco was closed, bringing an end to racially segregated schools in St. Charles Parish.Tensions and violence persisted at Destrehan High School for years, until the last school year at the old DHS location (‘74-’75) where Hurst is now.
21. Desegregation at Destrehan High SchoolOn October 7, 1974, students were sent home early after racially motivated fights broke out in the school. Another incident between a bus full of black students and white parents and students resulted in 13-year-old Timothy Weber, who was standing outside with his mother, being shot.Gary Tyler, a black student, was arrested and later convicted of the murder. Tyler remained in prison until his release in May 2016. On June 1, 1977, a fire destroyed the old high school which was being used for other school and government offices. Arson was suspected in the destruction of the building.Gary Tyler Today
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26. School Segregation Today?Gentrification?New Orleans?White Flight?Modern Shadows of Slavery, Black Codes, Jim Crow, Segregation, and Red LiningGentrification-changing the character of a poor neighborhood by investment from wealthy outsiders, who improve the buildings and businesses, increasing rents and property values, and pushing out local, poor populations.White Fight-White populations moving out of urban, city environments, and moving into suburbs, thus moving their wealth out of the city, creating de-facto segregated suburbs, and leaving behind poverty entrenched, minority populations in cities.
27. Jim Crow SegregationPlessy v Ferguson“Separate but Equal”RedliningHousing DiscriminationWhite FlightBrown v Board of Ed.Integration/BusingDe-Facto SegregationGentrification