Chapter 3 New Empires in the Americas (1500 – 1700) - PowerPoint Presentation

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Chapter 3

New Empires in the Americas (1500 – 1700)

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Chapter 3 New Empires in the Americas

Section 1

The Conquistadores

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Cortés and the Aztec

Conquistadores – Spanish soldiers who led military expeditions in the

Americas

Moctezuma

II was ruler of Aztec Empire.

Aztecs greatly outnumbered Spanish, but didn’t have the weapons the Spanish had.

A

n Indian woman (

Malintzin

) advised Cort

és

of who were enemies of Aztecs. The enemies joined Cort

és to defeat Aztecs.

Some Aztecs believed Cortes was Quetzalcoatl, their god, and gave him gifts

Hern

á

n

Cort

és – conquered the

Aztecs

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Pizarro’s Conquest of the Inca

Francisco Pizarro had traveled with Balboa and heard rumors of the golden cities in South America

Pizarro kidnapped

Atahualpa (the Incan ruler).

Atahualpa promised gold and silver for his freedom, he delivered, but Pizarro still killed him.

Pizarro

joined forces with Incan rebels and together they

conquered the Incan Empire

The second great empire of the Americas had fallen

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Conquistadores in Florida

Juan Ponce de Le

ó

n

came to the Americas to find gold and the Fountain of Youth

He reached a land he called Florida

, founded a settlement there his second trip back to Florida. Later died after being wounded in a battle with American Indians

Narvaez and his crew built simple boats to sail across the Gulf of Mexico, most of them sank.

Cabeza

de

Vaca

was one of the few survivors. He lived and worked with American Indians for 8 years.

Later met with other Spanish explorers and traveled on to Mexico.

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The Quest for Gold

Hernando de Soto

t

raveled through present-day North Carolina, Alabama, and Mississippi

First European to cross the Mississippi River

During his travels among large, thriving cultures of American Indians, de Soto stole food and fought with many American Indian groups

Francisco V

ásquez de Coronado searched for the Seven Cities of Cíbola

Successful in finding and conquering, but no gold

Angered American Indians he encountered

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The Quest for Gold cont’d

Cabrillo sailed along coast of present day California looking for gold

. He did not find the wealth, but

his journey gave Spain a claim to the Pacific coast of North America

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Chapter 3 New Empires in the Americas

Section 2

Spanish America

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The Spanish Empire

Council of the Indies – formed to govern the Americas from Spain

Wrote laws, selected officials, and judged legal

cases

Appointed

2 viceroys (royal governors)

Viceroyalty of Peru (included most of S. America)

Viceroyalty of New Spain (Central America, Mexico, and southern part of present-day U.S.)

Governors chose local

officials

All officials had great deal of independence because of the distance between them and Spain

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Ruling New Spain

3 types of settlements

that filled economic, religious or military roles:

Pueblos – trading posts, sometimes centers of government

Missions – started by priests to convert local American Indians to Catholicism; built around church

Presidios – military forts to protect towns and missions; many built in frontier areas (present-day Florida and Texas)

Royal Orders for New Discoveries – principal purpose for establishing new settlements was to convert American Indians to Christianity

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The Economy of New Spain

Encomienda

system – gave Spanish (

encomenderos

) the right to tax local American Indians or to make them work

also supposed to protect and teach; convert to Christianity

Most treated Indians like slaves – forced to grow crops, work in mines, herd cattle

Bartolome de Las Casas – spoke out against

encomienda

system and defended rights of natives

; originally supported African slave labor, then changed his mind

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The Economy of New Spain cont’d

In Caribbean, native resistance and disease led Spanish to begin bringing enslaved Africans to

work

Slaves worked on plantations, large farms that grew one type of crop

Sugar plantations were very common

Huge profits for owners

Las

Casas

favored using enslaved Africans rather than American

indians

at first, but after seeing the harsh conditions and the slave trade grow he changed his mind

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Expanding into the Borderlands

Most colonists lived where they could gain the most wealth, few

lived in the

borderlands, outer reaches of the empire

– northern Mexico, Florida, and parts of present-day Arizona, California, New Mexico, and Texas

Spanish government wondered if Florida was worth

risk since so many explorers died there and none found wealth;

changed when French settled on Florida’s east coast

Aviles founded fort of St.

Augustine,

first European city in North

America

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Expanding into the Borderlands (continued)

Juan de Onate

– first effort to settle New Mexico

helped found the town of Santa Fe – became trade center and most important Spanish settlement in New Mexico

Settlement depended on food and labor from Pueblo

; Spanish abuses led to revolt in 1660

Pop

é

led Pueblo to drive Spanish out of New Mexico

Spanish regained control in 1692

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Expanding into the Borderlands (continued)

Spanish survivors of the Pueblo Revolt fled to what is now Texas.

First major Spanish settlement in Texas was founded near the site of present day El Paso

Spanish built El Camino Real, “the Royal Road”, built to connect scattered communities

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Colonial Society

Spanish Empire in the Americas – between 3 and 4 million people; American Indian = 80% of population

Spanish law divided society into classes based on birthplace and race

Peninsulares

– white Spaniards born in Spain; held highest government offices

Criollos – born in Americas to Spanish parents

Mestizos – both Spanish and American Indian parents

American Indians – limited rights

Enslaved Africans – little or no legal protection

Women had fewer rights than men, but better than in most European countries…married women could own property and pass it on to their children

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Chapter 3 New Empires in the Americas

Section 3

Religious and Political Changes in Europe

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The Protestant Reformation

Martin Luther started the Protestant Reformation in Germany – religious movement that began as an effort to reform the church

Reformers became known as the Protestants because they protested the Catholic Church’s practices

Printing press helped to spread the Reformation

Confrontations between Catholics and Protestants took place all around Europe

French Protestants are Huguenots

King Henry VIII founded the Church of England (Anglican Church)

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Conflict Between Spain and England

King Philip II used Spain’s wealth to lead Catholic Reformation against the Protestant movement

Sent troops to fight Protestants in the Netherlands

Hoped to drive Protestants out of England

Queen Elizabeth I of England – Protestant daughter of King Henry VIII; wanted peace between England’s Protestants and Catholics

To fight without going to war, used sea dogs – veteran English sailors she encouraged to raid Spanish treasure ships

Raids hurt Spanish economy

Most successful sea dog = Sir Francis Drake

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The Spanish Armada

Fleet of approximately 130 ships and 27,000 sailors and soldiers

Sent to invade England by King Philip who wanted to overthrow Elizabeth and the Anglican Church

Problems:

Leader was a poor sailor

Drake raided supplies delaying them for several months

Even with problems, it was strong fighting force

England had small fleet of ships, so

Sea dogs, merchants, and fisherman added their ships to England’s defense to even the odds

English advantages = speed, greater mobility, better cannons

English defeated Spanish Armada – Philip’s attempt to conquer England failed

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The Decline of the Spanish Empire

Golden Age occurred as Spain’s power and wealth grew

Art became popular; many poets and playwrights

Economic problems helped to bring Spain’s Golden Age to an end

Large amounts of gold and silver from the Americas contributed to high inflation (rise in the amount of money in use and in the price of goods)

Bought cheaper goods from other countries

Weakened navy could no longer protect Spain’s empire in the Americas – leads to challenges of power by other European countries

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Chapter 3 New Empires in the Americas

Section 4

The Race for Empires

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Early French Settlement

Huguenots built first official French North American settlement in Florida

Destroyed by Spanish

Explorations of Jacques Cartier and Samuel de Champlain had given France right to claim Canada

Acadia

–

included what is now Nova Scotia, New Brunswick and part of Maine

–

temporary settlements; small trading communities and fishing villages

Champlain founded town of Quebec in 1608

Great Lakes region valuable because of the fur trade

Used by Europeans to make expensive hats

Traded tools, jewelry and cloth to American Indians for furs

Montreal became a center for fur trade

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The Expansion of the French Empire

Fur traders, explorers and missionaries began spreading out from Great Lakes region

Explorer Louis Jolliet and missionary Jacques Marquette set out to find the Mississippi River

; traveled down it as far as present-day Arkansas

Rene-Robert de La Salle

–

followed Mississippi River to Gulf of Mexico

Claim Mississippi Valley for King Louis XIV of France – named Louisiana

French called new territory New France to honor King Louis XIV

Small population and value of fur trade led them to

ally with the Algonquian and Huron Indians

As a result of this alliance they became enemies of the Iroquois

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New Netherland and New Sweden

Dutch came in search of trade

Henry Hudson’s first voyage gave them claim to land between the Delaware and Hudson Rivers – New Netherland (included parts of present-day New Jersey, New York, Connecticut and Delaware)

Peter Minuit bought Manhattan from local natives – named New Amsterdam

To attract more settlers, Dutch West India Company allowed other Europeans in; practiced religious toleration (New Netherland)

Minuit helped Swedish settlers found New Sweden along the Delaware River

Swedish were among the first in North America to build log cabins

Dutch felt Swedish presence threatened Dutch land and fur trade; two sides fought, governor of New Netherland (Peter Stuyvesant) conquered New Sweden

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English Settlements

England attempted to strengthen its claim to North America by sending expeditions to start colonies

Sir Humphrey Gilbert given charter-document giving royal permission to start a colony

failed when he drowned at sea

Sir Walter Raleigh paid for expedition that landed in present-day Virginia and North Carolina – he named area Virginia

Sent another group to start colony on Roanoke Island

Life hard, fought with local natives, trouble finding and growing food

Sir Francis Drake stopped on his way back from raid on New Spain, offered to take remaining settlers home to England

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English Settlements (continued)

John White resettled Roanoke Colony

Granddaughter Virginia Dare was the first English child born in present-day U.S.

White returned to England at end of summer 1587;

returned in 1590

colony’s buildings still standing, but deserted

CROATAN

carved into a post

May have been the name of a nearby island inhabited by Natives