How did Hitler try to boost the German economy? - PowerPoint Presentation

Slide1

How did Hitler try to boost the German economy?

Hitler’s aims for the economy (4 year plan)Drag Germany out of the world recession.Solve unemployment (which he had promised to do)Make Germany an “autarchy” – self sufficient.Get rid of Jewish industrialists and give their businesses to “Aryans”.Transform the economy to focus on rearmament and war.

Schacht was President of the

Reichsbank

who directed German economic policy

He believed in steady growth and a stable currency

He promoted trade agreements with developing countries trading manufactured goods for cheap raw materialIntroduced Mefo Bills to finance increased public spending without causing inflation.Replaced in 1936 as he fell out with Hitler.

Hermann Goering replaced Schacht in 1936 and put much more focus on rearmament rather than building up trading partnerships.

Spending on the military rose from 1.9 million marks in 1933 to 32.3 million in 1939.Slide2

30/05/2015Weimar and Nazi Germany

2Were people better off under the Nazis? Unemployment fell everywhere not just in GermanySome people were forced to work on public works There were disadvantages to DAF and KDF – workers had no representationWorkers put more into the economy than they got outIf you were “Aryan” and of no strong political beliefs life was relatively goodSlide3

How did the Nazis reduce unemployment?

In March 1935 he started compulsory military service for young men, and set up an air force. The army quickly grew from 100,000 in 1933 to 1,400,000 men in 1939. More men in the army meant 1,300,000 less unemployed. To equip this new army 46 billion marks was spent on weapons and equipment. Thus thousands

more were given work creating the tools of war.

The RAD was made compulsory from 1935 for all men aged 18-25. These were jobs such as digging drainage ditches on farms, planting new forests, or building schools and hospitals. The biggest public works scheme was the construction of a network of motorways. Men in the RAD had to wear military uniform, live in camps and were only given pocket money as wages. But for many thousands of men that was better than life with no job - they got free meals and were made to feel proud as they were helping build Hitler’s new Germany. Soon after the Nazis came to power many Jews and women were forced out of their jobs. Although their jobs were given to unemployed people, the names of the Jews or women who became unemployed were not recorded on the unemployment registers.Also unmarried men under 25 who were in the RAD did not count as unemployed.Hitler spent billions of marks subsidising public works schemes such as the building of autobahns, hospitals, schools and houses.They also subsidised private firms such as SiemensSlide4

What do Sources A and B suggest about the methods used by the Nazis to tackle unemployment? (4 marks)

The camps are organised on thoroughly military lines. The youths wear uniforms like soldiers. The only difference is that they carry spades instead of rifles and work in the fields.Source A, an Austrian visitor describes a labour service camp in 1938.

Source B, a publicity photo taken as work starts on Germany’s first

autobahn, September 1933.Writing frameBoth sources tell us about typical methods used by the Nazis to tackle unemployment. Source A tells us about...Source B tells us about...Mark Scheme1-2 marksPicks brief points out of the sources.3-4 marksUses both sources and a bit of own knowledge to describe specific methods used to tackle unemployment.Slide5

How did the lives of workers change?

Strength Through Joy served two main purposes. The first was to ensure that no one had too much time on their hands to get involved in untoward activities against the state. There was a belief that idle hands might get involved in anti-state misdemeanours. The second main purpose of Strength Through Joy was to produce an environment within Nazi Germany whereby the average worker would be grateful to the state for providing activities and holidays that in ‘normal’ circumstances they could not afford as individuals.By 1936, KdF had a membership of 30 million Germans. The scope of the organisation was vast. It arranged theatre trips, summer holidays, skiing holidays, summer and winter hikes, cruises and outdoors activities. People living in the countryside had trains made available for them to get into a city to watch theatre performances. The state provided about as much as could be needed to take up anyone’s slack free time.

The number of people who participated in

KdF events was huge. In 1934, 2.1 million people took part in some form of KdF event. By 1937, this had risen to 9.6 million. Between 1936 and 1937, over 1 million hikes were organised. Fascist Italy was one of the few European countries to help out. Cheap skiing holidays were held in the Italian Alps while in the summer around 30,000 people holidayed on the Italian Riviera. Strength Through Joy ships took a lucky few on cruise holidays. Strength Through Joy also set up the scheme for a worker to purchase a car – the People’s Car; the Volkswagen. Hitler himself approved of the Volkswagen and workers were allowed to make monthly payments towards a new car, which were recorded in a savings book. As war approached, the factories that were meant to produce Volkswagens were turned over to war work. No worker ever received a Volkswagen car but such was the entrenchment of the police state – and the fear of a knock on the door – no one was brave enough to complain. Those Volkswagens that were built went to military staff, while the payments made for a new car were invested into the expansion of the military.Slide6

The German Labour Front (DAF)

bosses could no longer sack workers on the spotworkers could not leave a job without the government’s permissiononly government-run labour exchanges could arrange new jobsworkers could no longer bargain for higher wages

strikes were made illegallimitations on the hours a person could work were abolished. Many Germans were working 60-72 hour weeks by 1939.

Was the German Labour Front good or bad? Explain.Within months of taking power, Hitler decided to abolish all trade unions. In their place he set up the German Labour Front which was run by Dr Robert Ley. It put in place a number of rules:Slide7

Mark scheme

1-2 marksJust uses source content, no specific own knowledge.3-4 marksUses source and own knowledge to

explain one way used or vague discussion of multiple ways life changed.5-6 marksUses source and

accurate, specific knowledge to explain how the Nazi Party used two or more ways that life changed.As shown is Source C, all German workers had to carry a DAF log book or they would be unable to gain employment in Germany. This was a method of control to tack German workers.The DAF was the replacement for the banned trade unions and controlled working hours and wages as well as banning strikes so the German workers lost their ability to bargain for better ages and conditions. The KdF also changed the lives of workers by rewarding them for hard work with holidays to Italy, social events such as cinema and theatre trips, as well as sporting events. This was a way of encouraging hard work and ensuring that workers had no spare time in which to question the Nazi regime.Slide8

Mark Scheme

1-2 marksSimple statements, extracts information from evidence. May make vague reference to interpretations.3-4 marksGives reasons to support the interpretation in the question. Identifies counter interpretation by extracting information from evidence.

5 marksAs above but also makes a judgement using some contextual knowledge.6-7 marksGood use of own knowledge to explain both interpretations and makes a judgement about the interpretation

.8 marksAs above but will judge the extent to which they agree with both the interpretation and the counter interpretation.9-10 marksExcellent historical knowledge to evaluate both the given interpretation and the counter interpretation.Good comments on the worth of each evidence in supporting/rejecting the interpretations.Slide9

How did Hitler try to control the German people?

GestapoConcentration campsControl over the courts

Changing the role of government

PropagandaTerror StateSlide10

Terror State

Secret police called the Gestapo would spy on and arrest enemies of the state, then torture them for information.SS were responsible for running the concentration camps.

Everyone was scared of being arrested by the Gestapo and being put in a concentration camp.

Both the Gestapo and the SS were run by Heinrich Himmler. The Gestapo, set up in 1933, employed an army of spies who would inform on people. As of 1936 the Gestapo was supervised by Himmler’s deputy Reinhard Heydrich 800,000 Germans were imprisoned from 1933 – 1945 as ‘Enemies of the State.’ 500,000 were executed by being shot in the neck.All judges had to be members of the Nazi Party.They also had to join the ‘National Socialist League for the Maintenance of Law’.In October 1933 the ‘German Lawyers Front’ was established and had over 10,000 members by 1934. In 1934 the ‘People’s court’ was established to try cases of treason.Slide11

Nazi propaganda

(reinforces Nazi beliefs, no access to other ideas)Slide12

A photograph taken at the Nuremburg rally for ordinary Germans.

Spectacular parades – called mass rallies – were held every year to celebrate Hitler’s greatness and advertise the power of the Nazi sate. Special arenas were built that could hold half a million people. They listened to speeches, choirs, watched firework displays and air shows. This was all designed to show how impressive, organised, and well supported the Nazis were./ Local rallies and marches were very common and were led by the SA or the Hitler Youth. Slide13

Hitler hated modern music. Jazz, which was seen as ‘black’ music was seen as racially inferior and banned. Theatre was to concentrate on German History and political drama. Cheap seats were often available for plays which had a Nazi political or racial theme.

As Hitler had earned a living as an artist earlier in his life he believed he was an expert. He hated modern art and so it was banned. Hitler wanted art that rejected the weak and ugly but glorified the strong and powerful along with Germany’s rural past.

Two examples of art in Nazi Germany.Slide14

All books were carefully censored and controlled to put across the Nazi message. Many authors were forced to write books which praised Hitler’s achievements. Any literature which did not support the Nazi message could not be published and many classics by authors who were seen as inferior due to their views, or religion were removed from shops and libraries. Encouraged by Goebbels, students in Berlin burnt 20,000 books written by Jews, communists, and anti-Nazi university professors in a massive bonfire in May 1933.

A photograph of the burning of the books in Berlin.Slide15

Goebbels realised the popularity of the cinema. More than 100 films were being made per year with audiences topping 250 million in 1933. Films could not be released in Nazi Germany until Goebbels had read the plot, and seen the film to ensure that Nazis were shown in a good way, and their enemies in a bad way. One film Hitlerjunge Quex tells the tale of a boy who ran away from his communist family to join the Hitler Youth but was then murdered by communists. All films performances started with a 45 minute newsreel which glorified Hitler, Germany and the Nazis.

Examples of films released in Nazi Germany.Slide16

Non-Nazi newspapers and magazines were shut down. Those which survived were monitored very closely by Goebbels who told the editors what they were allowed to print. German people only read what the Nazis wanted them to know, and very little was written on international events. If editors did not do as they were told they were arrested and sent to a concentration camp.

Example of a Nazi newspaper.

Photos showing members of the Reich government at dining tables in front of rows of bottles must not be published in the future. This has given the absurd impression that members of the government are living it up.

Official orders from the ministry of Propaganda, 1935.Slide17

All radio stations were placed under Nazi control. Cheap, mass produced radios were sold leading to more Germans owning radios in the 1930s than Americans. Loudspeakers were placed in the streets, in factories and cafes which played the radio constantly. It was important that the Nazi message was heard. Hitler and Goebbels made regular broadcasts personally.

A photograph of Hitler preparing to make a radio broadcast to the nation.Slide18

FuhrerSupreme authority in Nazi state.

All decisions and disputes were decided by the Fuhrer.Reich ChancelloryLed by Hans-Heinrich Lammers.Had great influence over Hitler and drew up many of the laws.

CabinetKept on by Hitler but lost influence. By 1938 all non Nazis were removed.

The ReichstagEnabling Bill meant that the Reichstag lost all of it’s power. It only passed seven laws after 1934 and was mainly an ‘applause machine’.Civil ServiceBy 1939 all civil servants had to be members of the Nazi Party, all followed the instruction and will of the Fuhrer.State (local) GovernmentIn March 1933 all state parliaments were shut down. The country was divided into regions, each of which was headed by a Reich Governor. (Gauleiter) These men could hire and fire state officials and make state (local) laws.HITLER HAD REORGANISED CENTRAL AND LOCAL GOVERNMENT TO BE COMPLETELY UNDER NAZI CONTROL!Slide19

Mark scheme

1-2 marksMentioned what is in the source, did not mention why it was useful.

3-4 marksMentions why the sources are useful (basic content covered and mention of authors)

5-6 marksAs above, but uses own knowledge to support what the sources say and gives a simple decision on how useful they are.7-8 marksAs above, in detail, and comes to a conclusion based on what you have commented on.Slide20

Will your life get better with me in charge?

A woman’s place is in the home.

The Law for the Encouragement of Marriage gave newly-wed couples a loan of 1000 marks, and allowed them to keep 250 marks for each child they had.   

Mothers who had more than 8 children were given a gold medal.   Women were valued and praised for their role as mother’s.Financial security for whole family that didn’t exist before Nazi rule.Forced to focus on traditional role (THREE K’S)Job-discrimination against women was encouraged.  Women doctors, teachers and civil servants were forced to give up their careers. Women were never allowed to serve in the armed forces - even during the war.Women lost many of the rights and freedoms they had gained in the liberal Weimar Republic.Slide21

What does each piece of evidence suggest about the experience of women?

One interpretation is that women benefitted from Nazi rule. How far do you agree with this interpretation?

(10 marks)

How does your own knowledge support or reject the interpretation in the source?For each piece of evidence, consider why it may support or reject an interpretation.Slide22

The very best pupils went to Order Castles. These were schools which took pupils to the limits of physical endurance. War games used live ammunition and pupils were killed at these schools. Those who graduated from the Order Castles could expect to attain a high position in the army or the SS.

For boys considered special, different school were created. Those who were physically fitter and stronger than the rest went to Adolf Hitler Schools where they were taught to be the future leaders of Germany.

Girls had a different curriculum in some regards as they studied domestic science and eugenics - both of which were to prepare young girls to be the prefect mother and wife. In Eugenics, girls were taught about the characteristics to look out for in a perfect husband and father.

NAZI EDUCATIONThe Nazis were aware that education would create loyal Nazis by the time they reached adulthoodBiology became a study of the different races to 'prove' that the Nazi belief in racial superiority was a sound belief. "Racial Instruction" started as the age of 6. Geography taught pupils about the land Germany had taken away from her in 1919 and the need for Germany to have living space - lebensraumScience had a military-slant to it. The curriculum required that the principles of shooting be studied; military aviation science; bridge building and the impact of poisonous gasses. All teachers had to be vetted by local Nazi officials. Any teacher considered disloyal was sacked. 97% of all teachers joined the Nazi Teachers' Association. Slide23

Overall purpose of Hitler Youth was:

To control young people.

Prepare them for future role in Nazi Germany.

Reinforce Nazi ideals.Ensure that young people had no time in which to be exposed to non Nazi ideas.After Hitler came to power, all other youth movements were abolished and as a result the Hitler Youth grew quickly. In 1936, the figure stood at 4 million members. In 1936, it became all but compulsory to join the Hitler Youth. Youths could avoid doing any active service if they paid their subscription but this became all but impossible after 1939. BoysGirlsThe task of the boys section was to prepare the boys for military service.Boys at 10, joined the Deutsches Jungvolk (German Young People) until the age of 13 when they transferred to the Hitler Jugend (Hitler Youth) until the age of 18. In 1936

Activities included marching, bayonet drill, grenade throwing, trench digging, map reading, gas defence, use of dugouts, how to get under barbed wire and pistol shooting. For girls, the organisation prepared them for motherhood.Girls, at the age of 10, joined the Jungmadelbund (League of Young Girls) and at the age of 14 transferred to the Bund Deutscher Maden (League of German Girls).Girls had to be able to run 60 metres in 14 seconds, throw a ball 12 metres, complete a 2 hour march, swim 100 metres and know how to make a bed. Slide24

YES!

Lots of fun activities to do due to Hitler Youth. Felt like they were a part of something due to Hitler Youth activities.NO! Education used to brain wash pupils into believing in Nazi beliefs such as anti-Semitism and hatred of other countries. Education prepared them for predestined roles. Boys for army and factory work, girls for their role as mothers and wives. Hitler Youth was forced upon them and a further method of control and reinforcement of Nazi beliefs.Slide25

Focus!

What is the source suggesting and how?

Focus!

When was it produced?Who for?Why?Slide26

Mark Scheme

1-2 marksWhat is it suggesting?Identifies the point of the source.3-4 marksGives multiple reasons for the creation of this source. Uses own knowledge to put the source into context.5-6 marksUse own knowledge to explain two or more reasons for the production of this source.

Checklist

Identified what the source suggests. Given at least two reasons for the creation of the source. Used own knowledge to explain reasons given.Slide27

NAZISM

CHRISTIANITYGlorified strength and violenceTeaches love and forgiveness

Despised the weak

Helps the weakBelieved in racial superiorityRespect for all peopleSaw Hitler as a god-like figureBelief in one GodBelieved Christianity was a product of Judaism.Christianity is most common religion in Germany.2/3 Protestant1/3 CatholicInitially Hitler tries to control churches, not ban them.Slide28

The head of the Catholic church is the Pope who is based in Rome. This meant that Catholics were not completely loyal to Hitler.

Catholic schools and Youth organisations existed which did not reinforce the Nazi message.

Hitler didn’t like the Catholic church because…

1933Hitler and Pope sign ‘Concordat’. Church to stay out of politics and Hitler to leave the Church alone.Within months Hitler abolished Catholic schools, monasteries and youth groups.Priests harassed.1937 Pope Pius XI attacks Nazi abuses of human rights.Hitler responds by sending 400 priests to Dachau.Slide29

Protestant Church

Martin

Niemoller

set up the ‘Emergency Pastors League’ in December 1933 in opposition to the Nazis.In 1934 they set up the ‘Confessional Church’. Niemoller was arrested in 1937 and sent to a concentration camp.The Confessional Church was soon banned.The National Reich ChurchThis unified all 28 Protestant Church groups under Nazi pressure in 1933.Ludwig Muller became Reich Bishop and Nazified the church.Bible and cross removed from alter, replaced with a copy of Mein Kampf and a sword.‘The Sswastika on our chests and the cross in our hearts’.Slide30

Describe how the lives of Christians changed in Germany after 1933. (4 marks)

4 minutes

1-2 marks

Brief outline, describes one change or lacks specifics.3 marksDescribes wo changes in specific detail.4 marksDescribes at least three specific changes in detail.Slide31

Who did I regard as ‘subhuman’ and why?

Hitler spent much time in Vienna which has a long tradition of ‘anti semitism

’. When he was at his lowest he grew to resent what he saw as the wealth of the Jews. Hitler saw Jews as an evil force who were involved in a

conspiracy to destroy civilisation. In the 1920s he used the Jews as a scapegoat for all of Germany’s ills, blaming them for failure in WWI, hyperinflation and the Great Depression.Hitler also viewed those he saw as being ethnically Slavic as being subhumans. These people tended to live in eastern Europe and did not fit with Hitler’s desire for an ethnically pure Aryan master race.Hitler believed that German’s future depended on an ethnically pure master race. He intended to achieve this through selective breeding and destroying the Jews.Slide32

1934

, SA organised a ‘boycott of Jewish shops and businesses.1934

, Jewish books burnt. Jews could no longer work in government jobs.

15th September 1935, Nuremberg Laws passed. Only those with ‘German blood’ could be citizens. Jews lose citizenship and right to vote. Sexual relations and marriage forbidden between Jews and Aryans.

1936

, Jews

banned from professions

such as teaching nursing and dentistry.

HOWEVER, lull in anti-

semtism

during

Olympics

.

1938

, Jews have to

register their possessions

, carry

identity cards

, and

Jewish doctors are forbidden

from treating Aryans.

1938

, Jewish

men

have to add ‘

Israel

’ to first name, Jewish

women

the name ‘

Sarah

’. Jews have

red J stamped in passports

.

Anti-

Semtism

in schools

Young people

encoruaged

to hate Jews through teaching in schools and school textbooks portraying

jews

as evil money lenders responsible for Germany’s problems.

In October 1936 Jewish teachers forbidden to give private tuition. 1938 Jewish children expelled from German schools.Slide33

Herschel

Grynszpan, a 17 year old Jew living in Paris, shot and killed a member of the German Embassy staff there in retaliation for the poor treatment his father and his family suffered at the hands of the Nazis in Germany.

The shooting in Paris provided an opportunity to incite Germans to "rise in bloody vengeance against the Jews.“

On November 9, mob violence broke out as the regular German police stood by and crowds of spectators watched. Nazi storm troopers along with members of the SS and Hitler Youth beat and murdered Jews, broke into and wrecked Jewish homes, and brutalized Jewish women and children. All over Germany, Austria and other Nazi controlled areas, Jewish shops and department stores had their windows smashed and contents destroyed. Synagogues were especially targeted for vandalism, including desecration of sacred Torah scrolls. Hundreds of synagogues were systematically burned while local fire departments stood by or simply prevented the fire from spreading to surrounding buildings. About 25,000 Jewish men were rounded up and later sent to concentration camps where they were often brutalized by SS guards and in some cases randomly chosen to be beaten to death. Night of broken glass, 9th November 1938Slide34

Describe how the lives of Jews changed in Germany after 1933. (4 marks)

4 minutes

1-2 marks

Brief outline, describes one change or lacks specifics.3 marksDescribes wo changes in specific detail.4 marksDescribes at least three specific changes in detail.Slide35

Unemployment Catholics

Lives of workers Protestants Women JewsChildren Police State/PropagandaHOW FAR DID THE GERMAN PEOPLE BENEFIT FROM THE CHANGES INTRODUCED BY THE NAZIS DURING THE PERIOD 1933-1939?

(12+3 marks)

One group of Germans who benefitted were....This group benefitted... (describe how and explain why!)However, some Germans did not benefit during Nazi rule, such as...This group suffered... (describe how and explain why!)Another group who did/did not benefit were...This group benefitted/suffered... (describe how and explain why!)In conclusion I believed that...(judge how much you think German people benefitted and why!)