Richard Ferguson Tim Shaver University of Nebraska Origins of Soil Spatial V ariability Natural Soil f c o r p t H Jenny 1941 c climate o organisms plants microbes insects animals ID: 540065
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Slide1
Nutrient Management – Now and in the Future
Richard Ferguson
Tim Shaver
University of NebraskaSlide2Slide3Slide4
Origins of
Soil Spatial
V
ariability
Natural:
Soil = f (c, o, r, p, t) H. Jenny (1941)c: climateo: organisms (plants, microbes, insects, animals)r: relief (topography) p: parent materialt: timeManagement induced (humans):Land use (cropping systems, field boundaries)Old roads, farmsteads, etc.Earth movement (land leveling, terraces)Tillage & trafficPlanting patterns (e.g., in row crops)Fertilizer application, other amendments (lime, manure)Irrigation & salinityCrop nutrient removal (yield and crop residue management)Slide5
Goal: To manage spatial and temporal availability of inputs, including fertilizer, for optimal crop production and efficiency of resources.
This requires an understanding of the variability of soil resources, and the ability to apply fertilizer at the right time and rate.Slide6
Measurement of Spatial Variability in Fields
Experience
County soil survey maps
Photographs & multispectral imagery
AerialSatellite
Yield mapsTopography/digital elevation models (DEM)Apparent soil electrical conductivity (ECa)Grid or directed soil samplesSoil sensorsElectrochemicalElectrical & electromagneticMechanicalOpticalCrop canopy sensorsOpticalAcousticThermalSlide7
Yield Mapping CombineSlide8
Grain Yield Monitor Components
Moisture Sensor
Grain Flow Sensor
GPS
Antenna
Yield Monitor Display with a GPS Receiver
Header Position Sensor
Travel Speed Sensor
Clean Grain Elevator Speed SensorSlide9
Veris
3100 Soil
EC
a
MeasurementSlide10
Veris
MSP: Soil pH and
EC
aSlide11
Crop Canopy Sensors
Crop Circle
ACS-210
2 band
Crop Circle
ACS-4703 bandUltrasonic height sensors
Canopy temperature sensor
CropScan
2 band (laser)Slide12
Holland Scientific, Lincoln, NE.
Distribution agreement with Ag Leader (
OptRx
system)
2 foot sensing footprint
Crop CircleSlide13
Field Variability
Natural color aerial photo
S
oil series
Grain yield
Soil apparent electrical conductivity
False color infrared image
Directed soil sample – Bray-1
P
Active sensor canopy reflectanceSlide14
Apparent soil deep electrical conductivity overlaid on elevation
Grain yield overlaid on elevationSlide15
Current and Emerging Agricultural TechnologiesSlide16
AutosteerSlide17Slide18
Swath Control
Investments for planter clutches and boom section plumbing for sprayers will vary widely, with costs increasing for more precise control.
Savings and gains in efficiency will increase as field shapes becomes more irregular.Slide19
Swath Control
Standard planter or sprayer approach
Planter or sprayer with swath control on every row or nozzleSlide20
Swath Control – Economic Impact
A University of Kentucky study found substantial input cost savings from swath control adoption on irregularly shaped fields.
At
medium fertilizer rates, moving from
lightbar
direction to lightbar direction with swath control resulted in savings of $25 to $33.48/acre. Presented at the 9th
International Conference on Precision Agriculture, Denver, CO, July 2008
.
Field shapes used in University of Kentucky study. Slide21
Implement Steering OptionsSlide22
High Clearance Sprayers
In-season pesticide and fertilizer applicationSlide23
Linear Move and Center Pivot Irrigation Systems
GPS Guidance and Variable Rate IrrigationSlide24
Variable Rate IrrigationSlide25
Optical Mapping of Soil Organic MatterSlide26
Soil Organic Matter (%)
South Central Agricultural Laboratory
November 2010Slide27
Soil Sensor Research
On-the-go measurement of mechanical resistance, soil moisture, and soil reflectance in visible and near-infrared bands.Slide28
Hyperspectral Mapping of Soil Profile
Reflectance in 384 wavebands (4 shown)Slide29
John Deere Water ManagementSlide30
Automated Monitoring and Telemetry Systems
Total Profile Water
Allowable Depletion
Full Profile
Profile Water Content
20”
36”
12”
4”
8”
Date
Water
ContentSlide31
Wireless Soil Water Monitoring NetworkSlide32
Remote Control of Irrigation Systems
Pictures Courtesy of Valmont IndustriesSlide33
Three-axis attitude sensor
GPS antenna
Radio modem and antenna
Air tanks and pistons for retractable landing gear
Gyroscope
Video transmitter and antenna
Remote-Sensing Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs)
To monitor crop stress and onset of insect or disease infestationSlide34
Crop Cam
OktoCopter
UAVs for Aerial ImagerySlide35
OktoCopter FlightAustria - 2010Slide36
Robotics in AgricultureSlide37
Questions?