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Micronutrients  Chapter 1 Micronutrients  Chapter 1

Micronutrients Chapter 1 - PowerPoint Presentation

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Micronutrients Chapter 1 - PPT Presentation

Learning outcomes To know the definition of vitamins and minerals To understand the function of vitamin and minerals in the body To know what are the main sources of vitamins in the diet To understand the effects of vitamin excess and deficiency in the diet ID: 801699

effects body deficiency vitamin body effects vitamin deficiency excess soluble food chemical rare main sources vitamins function blood happen

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Slide1

Micronutrients Chapter 1

Learning outcomes

To know the definition of vitamins and minerals

To understand the function of vitamin and minerals in the body

To know what are the main sources of vitamins in the diet

To understand the effects of vitamin excess and deficiency in the diet

The amount of vitamins needed for various life stages

Slide2

What are Micronutrients?

Micronutrients are vitamins and minerals needed in the body in small amounts

We will be looking at Vitamins in this chapter – minerals afterwards.

The main vitamins we will be looking at are:

Fat soluble:

Vitamins A, D, E, K

Water Soluble:

Vitamin B1, B2, B3, B9, B12, C

Slide3

Vitamins

What are they?

They are chemical substances found naturally in unprocessed foods both Animal and Plant

Why are they needed?

They help prevent disease

Each Vitamin is given a name and a letter to help differentiate them from each other

Fill in the table as we go along

Fat Soluble – vitamins that are found in foods containing Fat

Water Soluble - vitamins that are found in foods that are high in water content

Slide4

Antioxidants

Our bodies are exposed to different chemical from the air, water, food and pollution everyday.

Some of these pick up oxygen in the body and become reactive “free radicals”

Free Radicals can cause damage to the cells in our bodies

This can lead to heart disease, inflammation and cancer

Antioxidants – help to prevent these free radicals so that they cannot damage our bodies

These are Vitamins A, C and E

These are one of the reasons that we are encouraged to eat many fruit and vegetables and prevent people from developing these conditions.

Slide5

Fat Soluble Vitamin A

Chemical name/main

food sources

Function in the body

Effects of deficiency

Why does this happen?

Effects of excess (rare)

Retinol

Whole

milk, semi skimmed milk, cheddar cheese, egg yolk, oily fish, butter, vegetable fats

Beta Carotene (it is an Antioxidant)

Converted to retinol in the liver, dark green vegetables, orange, yellow and red fruit and vegetables, butternut squash and sweet potato Keeps skin healthyWhen light levels are low – enables us to see dim light – produces a substance called dim purple in the retina (eye)Helps children growthProduces Mucus for the mucus membranes in the body i.e. mouthStored in the liver – will only see effect of deficiency when this store has been usedDo not grow properlySkin and mucus membranes dryNight blindness – cannot see dim lightCan lead to total blindnessChildren need the right balance of all nutrientsMore susceptible to Bacteria and viruses if weak immune systemInsufficient visual purpleEyes tired and dryExcess stored in liver – will start to poison itPregnant women – excess can harm the babyCan damage the development of an unborn childCan be toxic

Slide6

Fat Soluble – Vitamin D

Chemical name/main

food sources

Function in the body

Effects of deficiency

Why does this happen?

Effects of excess (rare)

Cholecalciferol

Reaction of sunlight on the skin which causes

vitamin

D to be made under the skinOily fish, meat, eggs, butter, fortified cereals, vegetable spreadsEnables calcium to be absorbed from the small intestine during digestionHelps calcium be deposited in bones and teethChildren: Weak bones and teethLegs bend under the weight of their body RICKETSAdults: Bones start to weaken and break easilyOsteomalaciaCannot support body correctly Calcium removed from other parts for its pruposes and if not replaced bones weakened Excess will lead to excess calcium absorbed – damaging kidneys and other organs especially in children

Slide7

Fat Soluble - Vitamin E

Chemical name/main

food sources

Function in the body

Effects of deficiency

Why does this happen?

Effects of excess (rare)

Tocopherol

Mainly

in plant foods – soya, olive oil, nuts, seeds, vegetable fat spreads

It is an Antioxidant

Too rare--

Slide8

Fat Soluble – Vitamin K

Chemical name/main

food sources

Function in the body

Effects of deficiency

Why does this happen?

Effects of excess (rare)

Phylloquinone

Plant and Animal foods especially green leafy

vegetables, green tea, cheese and liver

Part of the process that enables the blood to clot when the body has been injured thus preventing further blood lossSometimes occurs in new born babies and they are they are given a dose when they are bornBabies can sometimes lose blood internally during the birthing process-

Slide9

Water Soluble – B1 Thiamin

Chemical name/main

food sources

Function in the body

Effects of deficiency

Why does this happen?

Effects of excess (rare)

Thiamin

Meat (especially

pork), milk, cheese, vegetables, fortified cereals, wholemeal bread, fresh and dried fruit

Enables energy to be released from carbohydrates in the body during respiration

Beri Beri – where nerves and muscles affected and there are problems with memory, concentration and heart rateEnergy is needed by the nerve cells – controls how the brain works – deficiency will not enable them to work correctly-

Slide10

Water Soluble – Vitamin B2 Riboflavin

Chemical name/main

food sources

Function in the body

Effects of deficiency

Why does this happen?

Effects of excess (rare)

Riboflavin

Found in many

foods – milk, milk products, eggs, fortified cereals, rice and mushrooms

Enables energy to be released from carbohydrates in the body during respiration

Rare – Sores in the corner of the mouth as needed to help maintain healthy skin--

Slide11

Water Soluble – Vitamin B3 Niacin

Chemical name/main

food sources

Function in the body

Effects of deficiency

Why does this happen?

Effects of excess (rare)

Niacin

Beef,

pork, wheat flour, eggs, milk (Cow)

Can be made from an amino acid called Tryptophan in the body

Enables energy to be released from carbohydrates in the body during respirationPellagra: Symptoms – diarrhoea, dermatitis (sore, dry, cracked skin), Dementia (loss of memory, confusion, cannot speak properly)Prevents the brain and nervous system from working properly

Slide12

Water Soluble – Vitamin B9 Folate (Folic Acid)

Chemical name/main

food sources

Function in the body

Effects of deficiency

Why does this happen?

Effects of excess (rare)

Folate – called folic acid when

used in supplements

Not found in many foods naturally

Best sources are green leafy vegetables, yeast extract such as marmite, peas, chickpeas, wholegrain rice, bananas, oranges

Works with vitamin B12 to make healthy red blood cellsHelps reduce the risk of central nervous system defects i.e. Spina Bifida in unborn babiesCan lead to anaemia - megaloblastic (large cells) where they become enlargedSpinal cord defects in unborn babiesRed blood cells do not grow to the right size and grow very bigPrevents them from passing through the blood vessels (capillaries)

Slide13

Water Soluble – Vitamin B12 Cobalamin

Chemical name/main

food sources

Function in the body

Effects of deficiency

Why does this happen?

Effects of excess (rare)

Cobalamin

Does

not occur naturally in food.

Found in liver, meat, fish, cheese, fortified cereals

Works with folate to make healthy red blood cellsKeeps nerve cells healthyCan be stored in the liver for 2 or more yearsVegans need to ensure that they take B12 supplements to avoid a deficiencyCan lead to a type of anaemia Pernicious AnaemiaAbsorbed in the small intestine – can only do this if special cells in the stomach that produce protein are not damaged-

Slide14

Water Soluble – Vitamin C Ascorbic Acid

Chemical name/main

food sources

Function in the body

Effects of deficiency

Why does this happen?

Effects of excess (rare)

Ascorbic

Acid

Mainly fruits and vegetables especially citrus fruits, kiwi, blackcurrants, cabbage, Brussel sprouts, broccoli

Helps

the body to absorb the mineral iron in the small intestineNeeded to maintain connective tissue which holds the body cells together in the skin, blood vessels, musclesAn important antioxidantSome can be stored in the body for monthsIron is not absorbed which leads to iron deficiency anaemiaBleeding from small blood vessels under the skin and in the gums leads to red spots under the skin and loosing teethCan lead to Scurvy and deathIron is needed to make haemoglobin in the red blood cellsConnective tissue starts to break down – allows the blood to leak out and weakens the tissue in the gums that holds the teeth in placeConnective tissue cannot be made properly to heal a wound – starts to break down which can open scars

Slide15

Amount of Vitamins needed everyday for different life stages

Slide16

Questions