Adaptations & Natural Selection - PowerPoint Presentation

Slide1

Adaptations & Natural SelectionSlide2

NICHE

A habitat supplying factors necessary for existence of an organism and its ecological role in regard to food consumption.Slide3

Polar Bear-fur

Lives:

Cold environment

Why?

Blend in for hunting and protection

Job:Keep population of seals downSlide4

Woodpecker-long narrow beak

Lives:

In a tree

Why?

Safe from predators

Job:Control insect population that harms treesSlide5

ADAPTATION

A characteristic that helps an organism

survive

and

reproduce

.Survive means: eat, blend, hunt, protect self, find food, etc. Slide6

DESERT FOX

Hot environment

Big ears

Little to no fur short hairSlide7

DESERT RABBIT

Hot environment

Big ears

Little

short hairedSlide8

ARCTIC FOX

Cold environment

Small ears

Heavy thick furSlide9

ARCTIC HARE

Cold environment

Small ears

Heavy thick furSlide10

BIG IDEA-Adaptations

Heat escapes through the EARS

FUR traps heatSlide11

Adaptations

Bioluminescence

Light that is given off by a creature

Lightening bugs

Angler fish

Mushrooms in BrazilSlide12

Adaptations

Echolocation

An animal’s (or human’s) ability to tell where an object is by detecting the sound bouncing off of it

Bat, dolphinsSlide13

Adaptations

Flippers

Legs that are specialized for swimming

Sea turtles

Ducks

WalrusSlide14

Adaptations

Claws

Used for gripping, digging and tearing things apart

Bears

Moles

CatsSlide15

Adaptations

Teeth

Used for tearing, chewing, ripping food for consumption

Sharp

Lion

Eating Meat

FlatHorseGrass/GrainsBaleen (filter-like)Blue WhaleKrillMixedHumansMeat and plantsSlide16

Adaptations

Smell

Ability to detect scent to find food, a mate, or avoid danger

Vultures

Turkey

vulture

DogsSlide17

Another Adaptation

Asexual reproduction

A form of reproduction without a mother and a father; genetically identical to its parent (like a clone)

Strawberries plants will make runners, vines that will root and make a new plant

A potato will sprout and produce new potato plantsSlide18

Fungi make spores that will explode off of themselves and make new fungi.

Black bread mold grows on bread

Black bread mold produces spores

Black bread mold spores spread over surface of bread and continue to grow moreSlide19

Adaptations

:

A change in an organism over time that helps it to survive and reproduce in its environment. (structural, functional, behavioral)

A

structural

adaptation is a physical characteristic that improves an organisms ability to succeed1. Being able to find food2. Being able to avoid a predator

3. Being able to reproduceFunctional adaptations include processes within the body that enable the organism to be more successful.1. Lungs or gills for obtaining oxygen2. The ability to secrete a poison from your skin to avoid being eatenSlide20

Behavioral

adaptations are behaviors or

actions

that organisms do to make

them

more successful.1. Mating dances2. Mimicry: pretending to be something they are not3. Making themselves appear larger to be more

fearsomeSlide21

Change Over TimeSlide22

Biodiversity

:

The variety and complexity of life on Earth.

Competition

:

Living things striving for food, living space, mates, and other resources. Natural selectionVariations-

Any difference between individuals of the same speciesSlide23

Natural Selection

Process by which individuals that are better adapted to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce than other members of the species

Therefore, they pass on the more desired traits for survivalSlide24

Natural Selection

Its theorized that giraffes adapted to the climate change in Africa when it went from being a lush jungle to a drier savannah over two million years ago.

Normal food sources died out. Trees became the main food source, with leaves high up.

Offspring that were born with shorter necks could not reach the food and did not survive.

Only the giraffes with the longer necks were able to survive and reproduce, so the giraffe population passed on the long neck gene to its offspring.Slide25

Natural Selection

Factors that affect the process:

Overproduction

Variation

Competition

SelectionEnvironmental ChangeGenes and Natural SelectionSlide26

Basic Concepts of Natural Selection

Individual living things are different from each other. This is called

variation

.

Variation is important because without it, populations cannot

evolve over time.Living things

produce more offspring than can survive, and many that survive do not reproduce-over production.Living things compete for limited resources, such as food and shelter-competitionSlide27

VarietySlide28

Variation

An

inherited

trait that makes an individual

different

from other members of its species; an adaptation is a variation that makes an organism better suited to its environment.

Causes of variations:Environmental factors can cause changes in source of genes.Geographic

isolation

can make two populations so different they become different species.Slide29

Niche

The function or position of an organism or population within

an

ecological community

.

includes the physical environment to which it has become adapted as well as its role as producer and consumer of food resources.Slide30

Competition 

Whenever two niches overlap,

fighting or struggles ensue

between organisms.

If two organisms have the same requirements - for food, water, nesting sites, whatever (resources) - there will not be enough of that thing to go around

http://video.nationalgeographic.com/video/animals/mammals-animals/bears-and-pandas/bear_grizzly_wolves/Slide31

Competition

Competition does not occur if the resource is too plentiful to limit the growth, distribution or abundance of at least one of the populations.

Competition can occur between individuals that are members of the same species

.

Competition likely affects species diversity. It is likely to increase species diversity, by acting as a force for specialization and divergenceSlide32

Overproduction

Most species produce far more offspring than can possibly survive.

Why?

Environmental Conditions

Predators

DiseasesPreservation of the SpeciesSlide33

Environmental Change

:

A

change in the species

environment

can affect on the organism’s ability to survive leading to natural selection.Ex. Monkey flowers do not normally grow in soil high in copper concentration; because of genetic variation some varieties have been found growing near copper mines. Slide34

Genes and Natural Selection

:

Variations

result from the shuffling of the genes when the egg and sperm join (fertilization)

Only traits that are inherited may be passed down to the offspring and can be acted upon by natural selection.Slide35

Species

A group of organisms that share traits (characteristics) that may be similar.

Have

to be able to

reproduce and SurviveSlide36

Evolution

Change

in inherited characteristics of a species

over time

.Slide37

Evolution:

The

process whereby new species arise from earlier species by accumulated changes. Slide38

Theories

Scientific theory

:

well-tested concept or explanation not proven

Jean Baptiste de Lamarck

Charles DarwinSlide39

Lamarck

Lamarck's Theory of Evolution

:

Darwin was not the first person to propose a theory of evolution.

In the early 1800s, a well-known French naturalist named Jean-Baptiste Lamarck also developed a theory of evolution.Slide40

He introduced the idea that the environment caused changes in animals and these changes were inherited by the animals' offspring.

changes in an organism during its lifetime could be passed on to its offspring.

if an organism that used certain organs more than others, then the organ used the most would evolve.Slide41

For example, Lamarck thought that giraffes could stretch their necks to feed on the leaves of tall trees. These giraffes would have offspring with long necks.

He called this the hypothesis of

use and disuse

. Slide42

This idea is often called "the inheritance of

acquired characteristics," or "soft inheritance,"

and it is now known to be incorrect.

Changes in an organism cannot be passed onto its offspring unless they are controlled by genes. Slide43

Charles Darwin

H.M.S. Beagle

http://www.sciencechannel.com/video-topics/earth-science/galapagos-beyond-darwin-charles-darwin.htmSlide44

Darwin

Darwin observed that species of finches on islands off the coast of South America looked similar to a mainland species of finches

He hypothesized that plants and animals on the islands originally came from South America

http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/evolution/explore-galapagos.htmlSlide45

Darwin reasoned that members of a population best able to survive and reproduce will pass their traits to the next generation; over time

Resulting in a different (separate) species

Darwin saw similarities but could not explain WHY they existed.Slide46

Darwin

His hypothesis became known as a theory of evolution by

natural selection-

organisms with traits suited for the environment will more likely survive and reproduce-

(survival of fittest)

http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/evolution/darwin-never-knew.html

http://videos.howstuffworks.com/science/evolution-of-life-videos-playlist.htm#video-29147 Slide47

Fossils

- the preserved remains of an organism that had died long ago.

Darwin saw the fossil bones of organisms that had died and was puzzled by some of them, such as the fossil bones that resembled living sloths. These were much larger than those that were still living. He wandered what had happened to the giant creatures of the past.Slide48

Fossils

Fossil records show extinct organisms

Showed similarities to living organisms

Hypothesized current organism descended (came from) from the fossilized organism

http://videos.howstuffworks.com/discovery-health/4911-100-greatest-discoveries-evolution-video.htm

Slide49
Slide50

Vocabulary

Genetic Diversity-

Difference in the genes among a species

If every human was exactly the same and an infectious, deadly disease came around, what would happen???

Variations-

Any difference between individuals of the same speciesResilient

-Able to overcome a tough situationContinuous-Never ending; cycleWater cycle, carbon cycle, changesMigration-Movement of a species during certain times of the yearBirds, sea turtles, monarchsCompetition-Interaction among organisms by which they compete for survival, for biotic and abiotic factors, reproduction, and hierarchal position.Slide51

Fitness

:

The ability of a living thing to survive and reproduce in its environment.

Natural Selection

:

The process by which individuals in a population inherit genes that allow them to survive and be reproductively successful. Variation

: Differences in individual living things from each other. Scientific theory: well-tested concept or explanation not provenFossils- preserved remains of animals that died long agoSlide52

Speed of Evolution

Two models that explain the speed of evolution

Gradualism

Punctuated equilibriumSlide53

Speed of evolution

Gradualism

Slow, ongoing process

Change may take place through a slow but continuous process

Idea that large changes are actually the culmination very small changes that builds up over time.

Punctuated equilibrium

Gene mutation can result in a new species in a short period of timeIdea that we cannot see changes in a species, so there must be very long periods of no changes of species.