Today we are learning about Ottoman decline the modernization of Turkey and Iran and Arab nationalism was affected by Jewish immigration to Palestine Decline and Fall of the Ottoman Empire Ottoman Empire Eastern Europe Middle East and North Africa ID: 747150
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Slide1
Nationalism in the Middle East
Today we are learning about Ottoman decline, the modernization of Turkey and Iran, and Arab nationalism was affected by Jewish immigration to Palestine.Slide2
Decline and Fall of the Ottoman Empire
Ottoman Empire – Eastern Europe, Middle East, and North Africa
Growing weaker
“The sick man of Europe”Lost N. African territoriesFrance – Algeria & TunisiaGB - EgyptSlide3
1876 – Constitution -
Aimed at forming a legislative assembly
Sultan
Abdulhamid IISuspended the constitutionRuled by authoritarian meansLived in fear of assassinationYoung TurksGroup of reformers
Forced the restoration of the constitution (1908)
1909 –deposed the sultanLacked support of the governmentStability of empire challenged by ethnic TurksSlide4
Impact of WWI
GB undermined Ottoman rule on the Arabian Peninsula
Supported Arab nationals activities
Lawrence of Arabia1916 Arabia declared independence for Ottoman rule.Slide5
Massacre of the Armenians
Christians
Wanted independence
1915 – gov. killed Armenian men, expelled women & children as a result of an uprisingBy Sept – est. 1 million were deadBy 1918 -400k victim of genocide
Why no one stopped the Ottomans- WWISlide6
Emergence of the Turkish Republic
Ottoman empire divided by GB & FR
Greece – invaded Turkey – seized W. part of Anatolian Pen.
Colonel Mustafa Kemal –Turkey’s leaderSummoned a national congress for Republic of Turkey
1923 – last Ottoman sultan fled the country
End of Ottoman empire Slide7
The Modernization f Turkey
Ataturk – father
turk
New title for President KemalHarshly suppressed criticsReforms:
Remove Arabic elements from Turkish alphabet
Roman alphabetPopular edu. introducedCitizens had to take a last name
Economic
Est. factories
5-year plan
Break the power of the Islamic religion
Create a secular state
Abolished the caliphate -1924Slide8
More reforms:
Panama hat – no more fez
Veils forbidden
Women granted:Marriage & inheritance rightsRight to voteFreedom of religionSlide9
The beginnings of modern Iran
Qajar
dynasty- ruled in Persia
1908 – oil discovered = foreign interestGrowing foreign presence – rise of Persian nationalsit movement1921 – Reza Khan – led a military mutiny
Seized Tehran (capital)
Est. himself –shah (king)New dynasty – PahlaviTried to follow example of Kemal AtaturkSlide10
Reformed military and economic systems
Did not destroy Islamic beliefs
Western reforms
EducationclothingSided w/ Germany to free himself from GB & RU ruleRejected GB & RU demand to expel Germans from IranTroops sentShah resigned, son took overSlide11
Arab Nationalism
WWI – Arabs escape Ottoman rule
Arabs had no nation
1916 – GB supports Mandates – former Ottoman territories supervised by the L of N.GB- Iraq, Palestine, & JordanFR – Syria & LebanonIbn
Saud – united Arabs in n. Arabian pen.
1930s – oil discovered by USASlide12
The problems of Palestine
1
st
century AD- Jews exiledMajority of population (80%)- MuslimZionist – advocated Palestine est. as Jewish nationReasons for migration of Jews to PalestineZionist movement
Anti-SemitismSlide13
Balfour Declaration
Expressed support for a national home for the Jews in Palestine
Tensions & violence grew
1939 -GB declared only 75k ppl could immigrate to Palestine over the next 5 yearsAfter that no more Jews could move thereOnly intensified the tensions and increased bloodshedSlide14
Review
Why did the British support Arab nationalist activities in 1916?
Why was it difficult for the Arab people to form one nation?
What discovery was made in a British mandate that changed the world?Howard Carter, an English Egyptologist, had a hunch that Tutankhamen lay beneath the Valley of the Kings even though conventional archeological wisdom declared that all the area's tombs had been found. In 1914, supported by his British benefactor Lord Carnarvon, Carter began his search in earnest. For seven years his efforts bore no fruit. In November 1922, during the last season of exploration that Lord Carnarvon said he could support, Carter's luck changed. His Egyptian laborers uncovered a series of steps leading down to a sealed door.