TASK Choose some thing that is important to you Eg a hobby an athlete an artist or a band Try give reasons to your neighbours why the thing you chose is good Write down your reasons TASK ID: 786968
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Slide1
ARGUMENTATION AND LOGIC
TOK LAJM
Slide2TASK
Choose some thing that is important to you
E.g. a hobby, an athlete,
an artist or a bandTry give reasons to your neighbour(s) why the thing you chose is goodWrite down your reasons
Slide3TASK
What were you actually trying to do in the previous task?
You were trying to give
an argument!
Slide4What is an
argument
?
All arguments must have a main point and reason(s) that support it
Slide5What is an
argument
?
PREMISE(S) (P1–Pn)– reasons of an argument that support the main point
CONCLUSION (C)
– the main point of an argument
REASONING
(P1) Elvis had a distinctive voice
(P2) Elvis gave huge concerts
(C) Elvis was a great artist
Slide6TASK
Transform your argument into the following form:
Premises (P1–
Pn)Conclusion (C)Write down your argument accuratelyEvaluate your reasoning
Slide7What makes u
p
a
good argument?(1) All the premises
are true
(2) Premises support the conclusion i.e. reasoning is not flawed
PLEASE NOTE! Premises can be true or false, but an argument
cannot
be true or false
Argument can
be
good
or
bad
Slide8Truth and v
alidity
Truth
What is the case?Property of the premisesValidityDoes the conclusion follow from the premises?Property of the reasoning process
The validity of an argument is independent of the truth or falsity of the premises it contains
Slide9Deductive
reasoning
The truth of the premises
guarantees the truth of the conclusionThe conclusion must necessarily
follow from the premises
Logically valid
Slide10Deductive reasoning
(P1) All men are mortal
(P2) Elvis is a man
(C)
Elvis is
a mortal
Slide11TASK
Evaluate the deductive arguments in the teacher’s handout
Are the deductive arguments logically valid or not and why?
Slide12Two
forms
of
logically VALID deductive arguments
MODUS PONENS
(P1) If A,
the
B
(P2)
A
(
C
) B
A
B
X
CORRECT!
Slide13Two
forms
of
logically VALID deductive arguments
MODUS TOLLENS
(P1) If A,
then
B
(P2)
Not
B
(
C
)
Not
A
A
B
X
CORRECT!
Slide14Two
forms
of
logically
INVALID
deductive
arguments
DENYING THE ANTECEDENT
(P1) If A,
then
B
(P2)
Not
A
(C) Not B
ERROR!
A
B
X
Slide15Two
forms
of
logically INVALID deductive arguments
AFFIRMING
THE CONSEQUENT
(P1) If A,
then
B
(P2) B
(
C
)
A
ERROR!
A
B
X
Slide16Inductive reasoning
The truth of the premises makes the conclusion
probable
The conclusion doesn’t necessarily follow from the premises
Statistical generalizations
Slide17Inductive reasoning
(P1
) I’ve seen
thousandsof ravens
(P2
) All the ravens I’ve
seen
have been
black
(C
) All the ravens are black
Slide18TASK
How to make good inductive arguments?
What distinguishes good generalizations from bad ones?
Number
of instances
Variety
of circumstances
Exceptions
, counter-examples
Coherence
Subject area
, AOK
Slide19Abductive reasoning
Reasoning from the available sources to the best possible explanation
Argument of
best explanation
Slide20Abductive reasoning
(P1) A man was found dead in a remote cabin
(P2) All the doors and the windows were shut from inside
(P3) The man was hanging from a rope (C) The man had committed a suicide
Slide21Key principles in abduction
Simplicity
Consistency
TestabilityCoverage
Slide22Induction and abduction
Induction and abduction can
overlap
In searching for the best possible explanation, statistical generalizations can be usedIn both cases the premises do
NOT
guarantee the truth of the conclusion
The premises just make the conclusion more
likely
or
warranted
Slide23Fallacy
An invalid pattern of argument, an error in reasoning
May occur in any type of reasoning
Slide24GROUP WORK
How can our reasoning be flawed?
Form
10 groupsDefine and create examples of the most common fallacies with the help of the teacher’s instructionsUpload your results to OneNote and prepare to present them to others
Slide25A critical thinker
Is aware of different ways of argumentation and various fallacies
Uses source criticism
Pursues intellectual integrity
Slide26Slide27CARS checklist
Slide28TASK
What are the
ways of knowing
argumentation and logic can relate to?What are the areas of knowledge argumentation and logic can relate to?
Slide29TASK
Is there a
way of knowing
, area of knowledge or area of life where rational argumentation cannot be applied?
Slide30Picture Sources
Usain
Bolt in Rio
2016 <http://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-08-17/cameron-spencer-takes-smiling-usain-bolt-photo-rio-olympics
/7751724>
Accessed
24th of August 2016.
Cartoon
argument
1
<
https
://
rosariobrumley.wordpress.com
/2012/05/08/what-it-means-to-shape-an-
argument/> Accessed 24th of August 2016.Cartoon argument 2<http
://www.edu.helsinki.fi/malu/kirjasto/yto/vaittely
/> Accessed 5th of April 2016Argument
as a house
<http://quotesgram.com/quotes-about-logical-thinking>
Accessed
5th of
April
2016
Slide31Picture Sources
Weapons
of
Mass Deduction <https://www.pinterest.com/pin/120682464991674637/>
Accessed
19th of
June
2016.
Elvis
<http
://
www.clker.com
/
clipart
-elvis
-presley-.html> Accessed 24th of August 2016.Sherlock Holmes
<http://allegator.deviantart.com/art/New-Sherlock-Holmes-278127565> Accessed 19th of June
2016.Raven<https://www.allaboutbirds.org
/guide/Common_Raven/id> Accessed 24th of August 2016.
Albino raven
<https://fi.pinterest.com/museignited/
crow-raven-totem-spirit-animal
/>
Accessed
24th of August 2016.
Slide32Picture Sources
Sherlock
Holmes
and doctor Watson<http://pdlstacks.blogspot.fi/2014_06_01_archive.html>
Accessed
5th of August 2016
.
Sherlock Holmes’
silhouette
<
https
://
pixabay.com
/
fi
/sherlock-holmes-etsivä-suurennuslasi-147255/> Accessed 5th of August 2016.Sherlock Holmes playing the
violin<http://everythingsherlock.com/sherlock-holmes-violin/> Accessed
5th of August 2016.Logical fallacy
meme<http://www.skepticalraptor.com/skepticalraptorblog.php/
logical-fallacies/> Accessed 25th of August 2016.
Don’t raise your
voice
,
improve
your
argument
<
https
://
www.askideas.com
/
dont
-
raise
-
your
-
voice
-
improve
-
your
-
argument
-
desmond
-tutu
/>
Accessed
15th of
April
2016.
Slide33Picture Sources
Demand
evidence and think critically<
https
://
fi.pinterest.com
/
explore
/
critical-thinking
/>
Accessed
25th of August 2016.
Questions a
critical thinker asks <http
://www.educatorstechnology.com/2014/12/critical-thinking-questions-students.html> Accessed 18th of August 2016.6
critical questions<http://
www.educatorstechnology.com/2014/12/critical-thinking-questions-students.html> Accessed 18th of August 2016
.CARS Checlist
van de Lagemaat, Richard: Theory of Knowledge for the IB
Diploma
, Second edition
, Cambridge
University
Press 2015,
page
69
TOK
curriculum
<
http://
www.amyscott.com
/
ToK.html
>
Accessed
2nd of August 2016.
Be
rational
–
get
real
<http://
rationallyspeaking.blogspot.fi
/2011/11/
difference-between-rationality-and.html
>
Accessed
29th of August 2016.