By Balaji Niwlikar Applications cognitive psychology - PowerPoint Presentation

1. ByBalaji NiwlikarApplications cognitive psychologyhttps://www.careershodh.com/1

2. Definitions of Cognitive styles ‘’Cognitive style historically has referred to a psychological dimension representing consistencies in an individual’s manner of cognitive functioning, particularly with respect to acquiring and processing information.’’ - (Ausburn & Ausburn, 1978). ‘’Cognitive styles as stable attitudes, preferences, or habitual strategies that determine individuals’ modes of perceiving, remembering, thinking, and problem solving. ‘’ Messick(1976) ‘’Cognitive styles as individual differences in the way people perceive, think, solve problems, learn, and relate to others.’’ Witkin, Moore,Goodenough, and Cox (1977) ‘’Cognitive style is meant to imply certain personality and motivational factors that influences the way in which a person approaches a cognitive tasks.’’(kogan,1983)https://www.careershodh.com/2

3. HistoryWitkin and Ash (1948) reported significant individual differences in the way people perceive the “upright” orientation of a rod in different surrounding fields in a task called the Rod-and-Frame Test.The notion of cognitive style was introduced by Klein and Schlesinger (1951) , who were interested in possible relations between individual differences in perception and personality. Klein (1951) was the first to consider cognitive styles (he called them “perceptual attitudes”) as patterns of adaptation to the external world that regulate an individual’s cognitive functioning. “Perceptual attitudes are special ways, distinctive for the person, for coming to grips with reality” . According to Klein, the process of adaptation requires balancing inner needs with the outer requirements of the environment. To achieve this equilibrium, an individual develops special mechanisms that constitute his or her “ego control system” (Klein, 1951).https://www.careershodh.com/3

4. Cognitive styleCognitive style is a way of tacking and dealing with various problems.Cognitively we are very different but we follow somewhat same pattern or style while soving problems,Everyone has there own cognitive style .Example-1 A types of cognitive style is Field Dependent/ Field Independent.Field Dependent individuals finds it difficult to find embedded picture in large picture where as Field Independent will find it easy .Field Independent persons more relies on internal referents and Field Dependents are on external referents.https://www.careershodh.com/4

5. Cognitive styleCognitive tempo or style of reflective/impulsitity Kogan- defined this style as The extent to which a child delays response in the course of searching for correct alternative in a context of uncertainty. Finding similar images-some respond quickly, others more slowly , some make errors ,etc.Impulsive style who respond rapidly & make more errors.Reflective style who respond slowly with relatively few errors.(Tyler ,1974)https://www.careershodh.com/5

6. Cognitive styleCognitive styles donnt appear easily modified through trainning.Cognitive styles shows developmental differences.Need For Cognition(NFC)-individuals with high need for cognition seem to enjoy more those kinds of endeavors that involves thinking ,problem solving, & reasoning.(Cacioppo & petty,1982)No singnificant relationship between NFC and Cognitive ability(Kalcznski &Fauth,1996)https://www.careershodh.com/6

7. Cognitive style Psychologists first started raising concerns in the 1950s and 1960s that typical intelligence tests were much too narrow in assessing a student's abilities. For example, they seemed to place a high emphasis on "convergent thinking" -- focused on predetermined answers -- and not enough on "divergent thinking," which deals with creative innovation.Examples of Cognitive StylesYou will see a person's cognitive style come out in the way she uses her brain to solve a problem. For example, some people may need to visualize a task before starting, but others may not. Some may work quickly, but others must process information slowly and deliberately before delivering an answer. Some may look at concepts holistically, while others approach subjects in a more piecemeal fashion.https://www.careershodh.com/7

8. Measures of cognitive stylesA popular, multi-dimensional instrument for the measure of cognitive style is the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator or MBTI. Riding (1991) developed a two-dimensional cognitive style instrument, his Cognitive Style Analysis (CSA), which is a compiled computer-presented test that measures individuals' position on two orthogonal dimensions – Wholist-Analytic (W-A) and Verbal-Imagery (V-I). The W-A dimension reflects how individuals organise and structure information. Individuals described as Analytics will deconstruct information into its component parts, whereas individuals described as Wholists will retain a global or overall view of information. The V-I dimension describes individuals' mode of information representation in memory during thinking – Verbalisers represent information in words or verbal associations, and Imagers represent information in mental pictures. https://www.careershodh.com/8

9. Measures of cognitive stylesOne of the most popular models of cognitive style was devised by Michael Kirton (1976, 2003). Adaption-Innovation theory, claims that an individual's preferred approach to problem solving, can be placed on a continuum ranging from high adaptation to high innovation. He suggests that some human beings, called adaptors tend to prefer the adaptive approach to problem-solving, while others (innovators), of course, prefer the reverse. Adaptors use what is given to solve problems by time-honoured techniques. Alternatively, innovators look beyond what is given to solve problems with the aid of innovative technologies. Kirton suggests that while adaptors prefer to do well within a given paradigm, innovators would rather do differently, thereby striving to transcend existing paradigms.The Kirton Adaption-innovation Inventory (KAI). This requires the respondent to rate themselves against thirty-two personality traits.https://www.careershodh.com/9

10. Difference between cognitive style and learning styleThe term "cognitive style" refers to the way a person processes information in his head in a way that is distinctive to that individual. A person is set in a particular cognitive style from birth. In contrast, a learning style is a manner in which a learner interacts with and responds to the learning material or environment. A person's cultural background may influence his learning style. The student may also use a different learning strategy depending on the task.Examples of Learning StylesVisual learning is one learning style. It refers to a student's need to see body language or facial expressions from the teacher to fully grasp the lesson. Others are auditory learners who get the most out of the lesson through lectures and discussions. They may benefit from noting things like voice, pitch and tone. Kinesthetic learners need hands-on experience with the subject, and they need to be able to explore their world or environment. They may become restless if forced to sit through long lectures with not enough activity.https://www.careershodh.com/10

11. ApplicationsIn the field of education, researchers have argued that cognitive styles have predictive power for academic achievement beyond general abilities (e.g., Sternberg & Zhang, 2001).In the field of industrial and organizational psychology, cognitive style is consiered a fundamental factor determining both individual and organizational behavior (e.g., Streufert & Nogami, 1989;Sadler-Smith & Badger, 1998; Talbot, 1989) and a critical variable in personnel selection, internal communications, career guidance, counseling, and conflict management (Hayes & Allinson, 1994).https://www.careershodh.com/11

12. cognitive mapA cognitive map / mental map/ mental model is a type of mental representation which serves an individual to acquire, code, store, recall, and decode information about the relative locations and attributes of phenomena in their everyday or metaphorical spatial environment. Edward Tolman(1948).experiment involving rats and mazesCognitive mapping is believed to largely be a function of the hippocampus.(O’Keefe and Nadel)https://www.careershodh.com/12

13. Cognitive MapMental images =way we transform these imagesCognitive map=the mental representation of geographical information. Relies on mental images. the way represents geographical spaceRelationships among mental images of objectOften represents complex knowledge.Individual differences are largehttps://www.careershodh.com/13

14. backgroundStudy of cognitive map is part of spatial cognition.(=our thoughts about spatial issues, interdisciplinary)Cognitive map must be Analog &Propositional in nature. your mental map for particular city may therefore includes a series of picture like images of the relationship among several streets and buildings. This mantel map also include propositions, such as Durwankur hotel on tilak road.It may also includes landmark knowledge ,procedural knowledge & survey knowledge(relationship among locations)https://www.careershodh.com/14

15. How cognitive map represents 3 geographical attributes cognitive map and Distance-in making estimates no. of intervening cities has influence more intervention more distance-Thorndyke (1981)Semantic categories- Hirtle & mascolo(1986) member of the same categories judged to be closer to each other i.e. when two places seems semantically close , we believe that they are also geographically close(Tversky,2000).Landmark Vs Nonlandmarks as Destination-landmark effect-general tendency to estimate distance as being relatively short when travelling from a nonlandmark to a landmark(Devling,2001)https://www.careershodh.com/15

16. 2. cognitive map& shape = systematic distortion people tend to construct cognitive maps in which the shapes are more regular than they are in reality. Angels-people tend to regulate size of angels more like 90 degree(Moar and Bower,1983)Symmetry heuristichttps://www.careershodh.com/16

17. 3. Cognitive Map & Relative Position=Rotation Heuristic-a figure i.e. slightly tilted will be remembered as being either more vertical or more horizontal.https://www.careershodh.com/17

18. Alignment Heuristic- A series of geographic structures will be remembered as being more lined up than they really are(Tversky,2000)https://www.careershodh.com/18

19. Mental ModelsWhen we use verbal information to create Cognitive mapRepresentations that depict physical situations which we derive from verbal description ,are called as Mental Models.(Millis & Cohen,1994)In the Spatial Framework Model of Franklin and Tversky –they explains certain spatial directions are prominent in our thinking-Up-down dimension has special prominence (gravity)followed by Front-Back Dimension ,The Right-Left dimension is the least prominent.People can make north-south decisions significantly faster than east-west.(Newcombe,2002)https://www.careershodh.com/19