Bailey Amos Ashley Haynes Shelby Hafley Matthew Kidwell The New Urban Growth The New Urban Growth In 1920 for the first time a majority of people lived in urban areas communities of 2500 or more ID: 380463
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Slide1
APUSH Presentation
Bailey Amos
Ashley Haynes
Shelby Hafley
Matthew KidwellSlide2
The New Urban Growth
Slide3
The New Urban Growth
In 1920, for the first time a majority of people lived in urban areas (communities of 2,500 or more)
Urban families experienced a high rate of infant mortality, a declining fertility rate, and a high death rate from disease
Without immigration, cities would have grown relatively slowlySlide4Slide5
The Migrations
Among those moving to the industrial cities in the 1880s were black women and men trying to escape the poverty, debt, violence and oppression they faced in the rural South
Urban blacks tended to work as cooks, janitors, domestic servants and other service occupations
Women often outnumbered black men in the citiesSlide6
The Migrations*
Immigrants were the most important source of urban population growth
Some came from Canada and Latin America
Chinese and Japanese immigrants populated the West Coast
Greatest number of immigrants came from southern and eastern Europe
By 1980s more than half came from these regionsSlide7
The Migrations
Unlike past immigrants, these new immigrants lacked the capital to buy farmland and professional education
Settled overwhelmingly in industrial cities and worked unskilled
jobs
No single national group dominated in the United StatesSlide8
The Ethnic City*
Some
immigrants formed close-knit ethnic communities called “
immigrant ghettos
”
Offered newcomers a familiar feeling of home as many immigrants kept close ties with their native
countries
Immigrants made up...
87% of Chicago’s population
80
% of New York’s population
84
% of Detroit’s and Milwaukee’s populationSlide9
The Ethnic City*
Immigrants who aroused strong racial prejudice among native-born whites found it very difficult to advance their talents.
Those who arrived with valuable skills fared better than those who didn’t
.
⅓
returned to their homelands within their first few
years
In cities where a certain nationality dominated, those people gained an advantage as they learned to exert their political power.Slide10
Assimilation and Exclusion
The majority of newcomers were between 15 and 40 years old
Many dreamed to become true Americans
Second-generation immigrants were especially likely to attempt to break with the old
ways
Young women, in particular, sometimes rebelled against parents who tried to arrange or prevent marriages or who opposed them workingSlide11
Assimilation and Exclusion
The immigrants clinging to their old ways provoked fear and resentment in natives
Henry Bowers
created the
American Protective Association
to stop
immigration
By 1894 there were 500,000 members
In 1894, 5 Harvard alumni founded the
Immigration Restriction League
in
Boston
This League proposed screening immigrants with literacy tests to separate the “desirable” from the “undesirable”Slide12
Assimilation and Exclusion
Native-born Americans encouraged
assimilation
Public schools taught children English
Most
non-ethnic stores sold American products, forcing immigrants to adapt to American norms
Some immigrants embraced reforms to make their religion more compatible with American
religion
Reform
Judaism was an effort by Jewish American leaders to make their faith less “foreign” to the dominant cultureSlide13
Assimilation and Exclusion
In 1882, Congress excluded the Chinese, denied entry to “undesirables” like convicts, paupers, and the mentally incompetent, and placed a 50¢ tax on each person admitted
Later legislation of the 1890s enlarged the list of those barred from
immigrating
These laws only kept out a small number of aliensSlide14
Assimilation and Exclusion
Other restriction proposals made little progress in Congress, for immigrants provided cheap and plentiful labor supply
Many argued that America’s industrial and agricultural development would be impossible without itSlide15
Did You Catch...
Which regions in Europe the greatest number of immigrants came from?
Answer: Southern and Eastern EuropeSlide16
The Urban Landscape
Slide17
The Creation of Public Space
In the mid-nineteenth century, reformers, planners, architects, and others called for a more ordered vision of the city.
Parks would allow city residents a healthy and restorative escape from the strains of urban life by reacquainting them with the natural world. Slide18
The Creation of Public Space
This was established by
Frederick Law Olmsted
and
Calvert Vaux
, who also designed New York’s
Central Park
in the late 1850’s.
Along with the creation of great parks, great public buildings were being created too.
Libraries, art galleries, museums, theaters, opera halls Slide19
Central
Park
Slide20
The Creation of Public Space
Wealthy residents were the principal force behind the creation of these things.
As the size and aspirations of great cities increased, urban leaders launched monumental projects to remake them.
Some cities began to clear away old neighborhoods and streets, and create new and improved avenues and buildings. Slide21
The Creation of Public Space
The efforts to remake the city did not focus only on redesigning the existing landscapes.
It also led to the creation of completely new ones.
A great wave of annexations expanded the boundaries of many American cities in the 1890’s and beyond. Slide22
The Search for Housing
One of the greatest urban problems was providing houses for the thousand of new residents.
The availability of cheap labor reduced the cost of building and permitted anyone with even a moderate income to afford a house.
Slide23
The Search for Housing
Modern people lived in the suburbs
Chicago connected many suburbs by railroads
Most urban residents couldn’t afford homes so they stayed in the city centers and rented them
Poor blacks lived in crumbling former slave quarters Slide24
The Search for Housing
Immigrants moved moved into cheap three-story wooden houses
New arrivals lived in narrow brick row houses.
The first tenements were thought to be improved living places for the poor but in fact lacked heating, plumbing, and windowsSlide25
Urban Technologies: Transportation and Construction
Urban growth posed monumental transportation challenges.
Sheer numbers of people mandated the development of
mass transportation
.
In 1870 New York opened its elevated railway
Slide26
Urban Technologies: Transportation and Construction
New York, Chicago, San Francisco also experimented with cable cars
Richmond, Virginia introduced the first electric trolley line in 1888
In 1897, Boston opened the
first American
Subway
New techniques on road and bridge building were introduced Slide27
Urban Technologies: Transportation and Construction
One important technological marvel of the 1880s was the completion of the
Brooklyn Bridge
Cities then grew upward and outward
In 1884 the first skyscraper started being built and this launched a new era of urban
agriculture
A new technology of creation also came from this Slide28
Urban Technologies: Transportation and Construction
New steel grinders could support much greater tension than that of the past
Taller buildings were made possible by the development of the passenger elevator
The early
Chicago skyscrapers
paved the way for other great construction marvels later in the twentieth century
New steel-frame made cities more fireproofSlide29
Did You Catch...
Who designed New York’s Central Park?
Answer:
Frederick Law Olmsted and Calvert VauxSlide30
Strains of Urban LifeSlide31
Strains of Urban Life
Increasing urban congestion and the absence of public services produced serious hazards such as crime, fire, disease, and indigence.
Chicago and Boston suffered “
great fires
” in 1871, and other cities experienced similar disasters.Slide32
Because of the encouragement for the construction of fireproof buildings, they forced cities to rebuild at a time when technological and architectural innovations were available.
Another great hazard other than fire was disease, especially in poor neighborhoods.
Fire and DiseaseSlide33
Environmental Degradation
Environmental degradation was a visible and disturbing fact of life in many American cities.
The frequency of great fires, the dangers of disease and plague, and the extraordinary crowding of working-class neighborhoods all exemplified the environmental costs of industrialization and rapid urbanization.Slide34
Environmental Degradation
The improper disposal of human and industrial waste in most large cities and the presence of domestic animals contributed as well to the compromising of drinking water and other environmental problems.Slide35
Jacob Riis
“I took my camera and went up in the watershed photographing my evidence wherever I found it. Populous towns sewered directly into our drinking water. I went to the doctors and asked how many days a vigorous cholera bacillus may live and multiply in running water. About seven, said they. My case was made.”
Riis’s exposure of the condition of New York's water supply was mentioned in his five-column story "Some Things We Drink," in the 21 August 1891 edition of the New York
Evening Sun.
He wrote:Slide36
Urban Poverty, Crime, and Violence
Urban expansion spawned widespread, desperate poverty.
Public agencies and private philanthropic organizations were dominated by middle-class people who believed too much assistance would breed dependency.Slide37
Urban Poverty, Crime, and Violence
Charitable societies such as
The Salvation Army
focused more on religious revivalism instead of on relief of the homeless and the hungry.
Poverty and crowding also caused crime and
violence
This caused the American murder rate to rise from 25 murders of every million people to over 100 by the end of the centurySlide38
Urban Poverty, Crime, and Violence
Native-born Americans believed crime was a result of the violent proclivities of immigrant groups.
Theodore Dreiser
’s novel
Sister Carrie
exposed another troubling aspect of urban life: the plight of single women who found themselves without support.Slide39
The Machine and the Boss
Newly arrived immigrants were in need of institutions to help them adjust to American urban life.
It was a political “
machine
” to most residents.
Out of the chaotic growth of cities and potential voting power of immigrant communities emerged “
urban bosses
”Slide40
The Machine and the Boss
The basic function of the political boss was simple: to win votes for his organization.
To win the loyalty of his constituents, he would provide them with occasional relief—a basket of groceries or a bag of coal.
He awarded his followers with jobs.Slide41
The Machine and the Boss
Machines were also vehicles for making money.
Politicians enriched themselves and their allies with various forms of graft and corruption.Slide42Slide43
Did You Catch...
What two cities suffered great fires in 1871?
Answer: Boston and Chicago