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Basics of Chemistry Chapter 12 Basics of Chemistry Chapter 12

Basics of Chemistry Chapter 12 - PowerPoint Presentation

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Basics of Chemistry Chapter 12 - PPT Presentation

Learning Objectives List the difference between organic and inorganic chemistry Categorize and give examples of different substances for each of the different states of matter solid liquid and gas ID: 696703

matter chemical chemistry physical chemical matter physical chemistry water substances substance hydrogen continued continues ion mixtures oxygen properties review give reaction products

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Slide1

Basics of Chemistry

Chapter 12Slide2

Learning Objectives

List the difference between organic and inorganic chemistry.

Categorize and give examples of different substances for each of the different states of matter: solid, liquid, and gas.

Summarize, in your own words, oxidation–reduction (redox) reactions.

(continues)Slide3

Learning Objectives (continued)

Define the differences between pure substances and physical mixtures.

Evaluate the differences among solutions, suspensions, and emulsions.

Explain what pH is and how the pH scale works.Slide4

Introduction

Most cosmetology services depend on the use of chemicals.

Studying the basics of chemistry means that you will have the knowledge you need to understand the products that you are using in the salon to give your clients the professional services they deserve.Slide5
Slide6

Recognize How the Science of Chemistry Influences Cosmetology

Chemistry

The science that deals with the composition, structures, and properties of matter

and how matter changes under different conditions Slide7

Organic Chemistry

The study of substances that contain carbon.

All living or formerly living things contain carbon.

All hair color products, chemical

texturizers

, shampoos, conditioners, styling aids, nail enhancements, and skin care products are organic chemicals. Slide8

Inorganic Chemistry

The study of substances that do not contain the element carbon but may contain the element hydrogen

Metals, minerals, glass, water, air, pure water, oxygen, hydrogen peroxide, hydroxide hair relaxers, titanium dioxide, and zinc oxide in sun protection creams are inorganic substances.Slide9

Define Matter

Matter

Anything that occupies space

Has physical chemical propertiesExists in the form of a solid, liquid, or gasSlide10

Elements

Simplest form of matter

Cannot be reduced without loss of identity

At least 98 naturally occurring

Identified by a letter symbolSlide11

Atoms and Molecules

Atom

– the basic unit of matter

Molecules

the chemical combination of two or more atoms

Elemental molecule

Compound moleculeSlide12

States of MatterSlide13

Physical and Chemical Properties of Matter

Physical properties

– determined without a chemical reaction (color, odor, weight, density)Chemical

properties

determined with a chemical reaction (change identity — rusting iron, burning wood)Slide14

Physical and Chemical Changes

Physical Change

The form is changed without becoming a new substance.

Example: Solid ice melts and becomes water.

(continues)Slide15

Chemical ChangeA change in the chemical composition or makeup

of a substance

Example: Burning wood turns into ashes

Physical and

Chemical Changes

(continued)Slide16

Oxidation

Oxidation

A chemical reaction that combines a substance with oxygen to produce an oxide

Example: Wood turns into charcoal after it has burned.Slide17

Oxidation-Reduction

Also known as redox

A chemical reaction in which the oxidizing agent is reduced (by losing oxygen) and the reducing agent is oxidized (by gaining oxygen)Slide18

Oxidizing Agent

A substance that releases oxygen

Hydrogen peroxide (an oxidizing agent) can be thought of as water with an extra atom of oxygen.Slide19

Reducing Agent

A substance that adds hydrogen to a chemical compound or subtracts oxygen from the compoundSlide20

Exothermic Reaction and Combustion

Exothermic reaction

– a chemical reaction when heat is released

Combustion

rapid oxidation of a substance accompanied by the production of heat and lightSlide21

Pure Substances and Physical Mixtures

Pure substances

distinct propertiesPhysical mixtures –

elements combined physicallySlide22

Solutions, Suspensions, and Emulsions

Solution

– a blend of two or more liquids or a solid dissolved in a liquid

Solute

the dissolved substance in a solution

Solvent

the substance that dissolves another substance to form a solution with no change in chemical compositionSlide23

Miscible liquids

mutually soluble

Immiscible liquids – not capable of being mixed

Suspension

unstable physical mixtures of

undissolved

particles in a liquid

Solutions and SuspensionsSlide24

Emulsion

mixture of two or more immiscible substances plus a special ingredient called an emulsifierEmulsifier

ingredient that brings two normally incompatible materials together and binds them into a uniform and fairly stable blend

Emulsions and EmulsifiersSlide25

Surfactants

Hydrophilic

– water lovingLipophilic

oil loving

Surfactant

joins water and oil

Oil-in-water

emulsion

Water-in-oil

emulsionSlide26

Differences Among Solutions,

Suspensions

,

and EmulsionsSlide27
Slide28

Other Physical Mixtures

Ointments

semisolids made with any combination of petrolatum, oil, and waxPowders –

physical mixture of two solidsSlide29

Common Chemical Product Ingredients

Volatile alcohols

Alkanolamines

Ammonia

Glycerin

Silicones

Volatile organic compoundsSlide30

Understand Potential Hydrogen (pH) and How it Affects Hair, Skin, and Nails

The small

p

represents a quantity; the capital H represents the hydrogen ion

Ion

atom or molecule that carries an electrical charge

Ionization

temporary separation of a substance into ions

Anion

ion with a negative electrical charge

Cation

ion with a positive electrical chargeSlide31

Water and pH

In pure water, some of the water molecules naturally ionize into hydrogen ions and some into hydroxide ions. The pH scale measures those ions.

Hydrogen ion (H+) is acidic.Hydroxide ion (OH-) is alkaline.Slide32

The pH Scale

pH: potential hydrogen

– Scale: 0 – 14 – pH of 7 is neutral

Logarithm

multiples of tenSlide33

Acids and Alkalis

All acids

owe their chemical reactivity to the hydrogen ion. Acids have a pH below 7.0.

Alpha

hydroxy

acids (AHAs)

Thioglycolic

acid

Glycolic acid

(continues)Slide34

Acids and Alkalis (continued)

Alkalis

(base) owe their chemical relativity to the hydroxide ion (OH-).

Alkalis have a pH above 7.

Feel slippery and soapy on the skin.

Sodium hydroxide

also known as lye, is used in chemical hair relaxers, callous softeners, and drain cleaners.Slide35
Slide36

Acid-Alkali Neutralization Reactions

Ionized water

Neutralizing shampoos and normalizing lotionsSlide37

Summary and Review

(continues)

The science that deals with the composition, structure, and properties of matter and how matter changes under different chemical conditions is called

chemistry

.

Organic chemistry deals with all substances in which carbon is present, while inorganic chemistry deals with substances that do not contain carbon.Slide38

Matter is anything that occupies space, has physical and chemical properties, and exists as a solid, a liquid, or a gas. Matter exists in the form of elements, compounds, and mixtures. Matter can be changed either physically or chemically.

There are many benefits for the client who takes advantage of the various salon services that use chemical products. While the use of chemical products has great benefits, we must always remember they create a potential for damage or injury as well.

Summary and Review

(continued)

(continues)Slide39

As a professional cosmetologist, your ability to stay informed about new developments and products and how to use them effectively and safely will greatly impact your success.

Summary and Review

(continued)Slide40

Chapter Review Questions

What is chemistry?

Why is a basic understanding of chemistry important to a cosmetologist?

What is the difference between organic and inorganic chemistry?

(continues)Slide41

What is matter?

What is an element?

What are atoms?

Explain the difference between elemental molecules and compound molecules.

Give examples.

Chapter Review

Questions

(continued)

(continues)Slide42

8. Name and describe the three states of matter.

9. What are the physical and chemical properties of matter? Give examples.

10. What is the difference between physical and chemical change? Give examples.

Chapter Review

Questions

(continued)

(continues)Slide43

Explain oxidation-reduction (redox).

Explain pure substances and physical mixtures. Give examples.

What are the differences among solutions, suspensions, and emulsions? Give examples.

Define pH and the pH scale.

Chapter Review

Questions

(continued)