Learning Objectives List the difference between organic and inorganic chemistry Categorize and give examples of different substances for each of the different states of matter solid liquid and gas ID: 696703
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Slide1
Basics of Chemistry
Chapter 12Slide2
Learning Objectives
List the difference between organic and inorganic chemistry.
Categorize and give examples of different substances for each of the different states of matter: solid, liquid, and gas.
Summarize, in your own words, oxidation–reduction (redox) reactions.
(continues)Slide3
Learning Objectives (continued)
Define the differences between pure substances and physical mixtures.
Evaluate the differences among solutions, suspensions, and emulsions.
Explain what pH is and how the pH scale works.Slide4
Introduction
Most cosmetology services depend on the use of chemicals.
Studying the basics of chemistry means that you will have the knowledge you need to understand the products that you are using in the salon to give your clients the professional services they deserve.Slide5Slide6
Recognize How the Science of Chemistry Influences Cosmetology
Chemistry
The science that deals with the composition, structures, and properties of matter
and how matter changes under different conditions Slide7
Organic Chemistry
The study of substances that contain carbon.
All living or formerly living things contain carbon.
All hair color products, chemical
texturizers
, shampoos, conditioners, styling aids, nail enhancements, and skin care products are organic chemicals. Slide8
Inorganic Chemistry
The study of substances that do not contain the element carbon but may contain the element hydrogen
Metals, minerals, glass, water, air, pure water, oxygen, hydrogen peroxide, hydroxide hair relaxers, titanium dioxide, and zinc oxide in sun protection creams are inorganic substances.Slide9
Define Matter
Matter
Anything that occupies space
Has physical chemical propertiesExists in the form of a solid, liquid, or gasSlide10
Elements
Simplest form of matter
Cannot be reduced without loss of identity
At least 98 naturally occurring
Identified by a letter symbolSlide11
Atoms and Molecules
Atom
– the basic unit of matter
Molecules
–
the chemical combination of two or more atoms
Elemental molecule
Compound moleculeSlide12
States of MatterSlide13
Physical and Chemical Properties of Matter
Physical properties
– determined without a chemical reaction (color, odor, weight, density)Chemical
properties
–
determined with a chemical reaction (change identity — rusting iron, burning wood)Slide14
Physical and Chemical Changes
Physical Change
The form is changed without becoming a new substance.
Example: Solid ice melts and becomes water.
(continues)Slide15
Chemical ChangeA change in the chemical composition or makeup
of a substance
Example: Burning wood turns into ashes
Physical and
Chemical Changes
(continued)Slide16
Oxidation
Oxidation
A chemical reaction that combines a substance with oxygen to produce an oxide
Example: Wood turns into charcoal after it has burned.Slide17
Oxidation-Reduction
Also known as redox
A chemical reaction in which the oxidizing agent is reduced (by losing oxygen) and the reducing agent is oxidized (by gaining oxygen)Slide18
Oxidizing Agent
A substance that releases oxygen
Hydrogen peroxide (an oxidizing agent) can be thought of as water with an extra atom of oxygen.Slide19
Reducing Agent
A substance that adds hydrogen to a chemical compound or subtracts oxygen from the compoundSlide20
Exothermic Reaction and Combustion
Exothermic reaction
– a chemical reaction when heat is released
Combustion
–
rapid oxidation of a substance accompanied by the production of heat and lightSlide21
Pure Substances and Physical Mixtures
Pure substances
–
distinct propertiesPhysical mixtures –
elements combined physicallySlide22
Solutions, Suspensions, and Emulsions
Solution
– a blend of two or more liquids or a solid dissolved in a liquid
Solute
–
the dissolved substance in a solution
Solvent
–
the substance that dissolves another substance to form a solution with no change in chemical compositionSlide23
Miscible liquids
–
mutually soluble
Immiscible liquids – not capable of being mixed
Suspension
–
unstable physical mixtures of
undissolved
particles in a liquid
Solutions and SuspensionsSlide24
Emulsion
–
mixture of two or more immiscible substances plus a special ingredient called an emulsifierEmulsifier
–
ingredient that brings two normally incompatible materials together and binds them into a uniform and fairly stable blend
Emulsions and EmulsifiersSlide25
Surfactants
Hydrophilic
– water lovingLipophilic
–
oil loving
Surfactant
–
joins water and oil
Oil-in-water
emulsion
Water-in-oil
emulsionSlide26
Differences Among Solutions,
Suspensions
,
and EmulsionsSlide27Slide28
Other Physical Mixtures
Ointments
–
semisolids made with any combination of petrolatum, oil, and waxPowders –
physical mixture of two solidsSlide29
Common Chemical Product Ingredients
Volatile alcohols
Alkanolamines
Ammonia
Glycerin
Silicones
Volatile organic compoundsSlide30
Understand Potential Hydrogen (pH) and How it Affects Hair, Skin, and Nails
The small
p
represents a quantity; the capital H represents the hydrogen ion
Ion
–
atom or molecule that carries an electrical charge
Ionization
–
temporary separation of a substance into ions
Anion
–
ion with a negative electrical charge
Cation
–
ion with a positive electrical chargeSlide31
Water and pH
In pure water, some of the water molecules naturally ionize into hydrogen ions and some into hydroxide ions. The pH scale measures those ions.
Hydrogen ion (H+) is acidic.Hydroxide ion (OH-) is alkaline.Slide32
The pH Scale
pH: potential hydrogen
– Scale: 0 – 14 – pH of 7 is neutral
Logarithm
–
multiples of tenSlide33
Acids and Alkalis
All acids
owe their chemical reactivity to the hydrogen ion. Acids have a pH below 7.0.
Alpha
hydroxy
acids (AHAs)
Thioglycolic
acid
Glycolic acid
(continues)Slide34
Acids and Alkalis (continued)
Alkalis
(base) owe their chemical relativity to the hydroxide ion (OH-).
Alkalis have a pH above 7.
Feel slippery and soapy on the skin.
Sodium hydroxide
also known as lye, is used in chemical hair relaxers, callous softeners, and drain cleaners.Slide35Slide36
Acid-Alkali Neutralization Reactions
Ionized water
Neutralizing shampoos and normalizing lotionsSlide37
Summary and Review
(continues)
The science that deals with the composition, structure, and properties of matter and how matter changes under different chemical conditions is called
chemistry
.
Organic chemistry deals with all substances in which carbon is present, while inorganic chemistry deals with substances that do not contain carbon.Slide38
Matter is anything that occupies space, has physical and chemical properties, and exists as a solid, a liquid, or a gas. Matter exists in the form of elements, compounds, and mixtures. Matter can be changed either physically or chemically.
There are many benefits for the client who takes advantage of the various salon services that use chemical products. While the use of chemical products has great benefits, we must always remember they create a potential for damage or injury as well.
Summary and Review
(continued)
(continues)Slide39
As a professional cosmetologist, your ability to stay informed about new developments and products and how to use them effectively and safely will greatly impact your success.
Summary and Review
(continued)Slide40
Chapter Review Questions
What is chemistry?
Why is a basic understanding of chemistry important to a cosmetologist?
What is the difference between organic and inorganic chemistry?
(continues)Slide41
What is matter?
What is an element?
What are atoms?
Explain the difference between elemental molecules and compound molecules.
Give examples.
Chapter Review
Questions
(continued)
(continues)Slide42
8. Name and describe the three states of matter.
9. What are the physical and chemical properties of matter? Give examples.
10. What is the difference between physical and chemical change? Give examples.
Chapter Review
Questions
(continued)
(continues)Slide43
Explain oxidation-reduction (redox).
Explain pure substances and physical mixtures. Give examples.
What are the differences among solutions, suspensions, and emulsions? Give examples.
Define pH and the pH scale.
Chapter Review
Questions
(continued)