Jayant Ameta 07005020 Chirag Sethi 07005022 Rachit Gupta 07d05008 Contents Motivation Introduction to Binding Theory Types of Noun Phrases Key Concepts Introduction to BinderBound NP Introduction to Ccommands ID: 692876
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Slide1
Binding Theory
Presented By:
Jayant Ameta : 07005020
Chirag Sethi : 07005022
Rachit Gupta : 07d05008Slide2
Contents
Motivation
Introduction to Binding Theory
Types of Noun Phrases
Key Concepts
Introduction to Binder/Bound NP
Introduction to C-commands
Conclusions
ReferencesSlide3
Motivation[1]
That it rains bothers (Peter/him/himself)
That it rains bothers (Peter/him)
Peter watches (Peter/him/himself) in the mirror
Peter watches (himself) in the mirror
Peter thinks that I hate (Peter/him/himself)
Peter thinks that I hate (him)Slide4
Binding Theory – I[2]
Describes the conditions on the structural relations between nouns.
Concerned with three types of nouns
R – Expressions
Pronouns
Anaphors Slide5
Binding Theory - II
The key insight captured in binding theory is that the (un)availability of co-reference between 2 NP’s depends primarily on 2 factors
Morphological shape of the NP’s
Structural relationship between the NP’sSlide6
Types of Noun Phrases[3]
R-Expressions (full NP’s)
These express content and get its meaning by referring to an entity in the world
Eg
:- Peter, the Indian Prime Minister,
राम
Anaphors (Reflexive and Reciprocals)
An NP that obligatorily gets its meaning from another NP in the sentence.
Eg
:- myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, oneself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves, each other,
स्वयं
,
खुद
,
एक दूसरेSlide7
Types of Noun Phrases
Pronominals (Non-reflexive pronouns)
An NP that may (but need not) get its meaning from another word in the sentence. It can also get its meaning from a noun previously mentioned in the discourse, or by context
E.g. :- he, she, it, him, her, I, us, we, you,
तुम
,
मैं
, etc.Slide8
Key Concepts
Indexing
NPs are marked by numerical indices
NPs are co-referent(i.e., they refer to the same entity) if and only if they have the same index.
The actual value of indices is not important.
Antecedent
NP ‘A’ is the antecedent of NP ‘B’ if and only if
‘A’ precedes ‘B’.
‘A’ and ‘B’ co-refer. Slide9
Examples – No Antecedents
That it rains bothers Peter
1
.
वर्षा से राम
1
को चिंता होती है
|
That it rains bothers him
1
.
वर्षा से उसको
1
चिंता होती है
|
*That it rains bothers himself
1
.
*
वर्षा से स्वयं
1
को चिंता होती है
|
Observations:
Anaphors can’t occur since no antecedent is present.
Pronominals and r-expressions do not necessarily require antecedent in same clause. Slide10
Examples – Local Antecedents
*Peter
1
watches Peter
1
in the mirror.
*
राम
1
दर्पण में राम
1
को देखता है
|
*Peter
1
watches him
1
in the mirror.
*
राम
1
दर्पण में
उसको
1
देखता है
|
Peter
1
watches himself
1
in the mirror.
राम
1
दर्पण में
स्वयं
1
को देखता है
|
Observations:
It is reverse than in the previous case.
Only anaphors are permitted with local antecedents.
Slide11
Examples- Non-local Antecedents
*Peter
2
thinks that I hate Peter
2
.
*
राम
2
सोचता है कि मैं राम
2
से द्वेष करता हूँ
|
Peter
2
thinks that I hate him
2
.
राम
2
सोचता है कि मैं
उस
से
2
द्वेष करता हूँ
|
*Peter
2
thinks that I hate himself
2
.
*
राम
2
सोचता है कि मैं
स्वयं
2
से द्वेष करता हूँ
|
Observations:
The indexed NPs are separated by ‘that’ or ‘
कि
’, hence they are not in locality of each other.
Only pronominals are permitted with non-local antecedents.Slide12
Examples - Conclusion
Configuration
Anaphors
Pronominals
R-Expression
No-Antecedent
*
OK
OK
Local Antecedent
OK
*
*
Non-Local Antecedent
*
OK
*
Combining the results from the previous examples
we get the following
1Slide13
Reflexive/Non-Reflexive Pronouns
Based on the above set of observations we get the following Preliminary Binding Conditions:
(A) A reflexive pronoun must have an antecedent within its local clause.
(B) A non-reflexive pronoun must not have an antecedent within its local clause.
A is within B’s local clause if A and B are dominated by the same set of clausal nodes.Slide14
Issues with Preliminary Binding Conditions
Peter’s
1
cat accompanies him
1/2
to temple
राम
1
की बिल्ली उसके
1/2
साथ मंदिर जाती है ।
*Peter’s
1
cat accompanies himself
1/2
to temple
*
राम
1
की बिल्ली
स्वयं
1/2
के साथ मंदिर जाती है ।Here ‘Peter’ or ‘राम’ is a local antecedent and violates the Binding conditions mentioned in the previous slideSo we need to modify the binding conditionsSlide15
Introducing Binder/Bound
NP ‘A’ binds NP ‘B’ if and only if
‘A’ and ‘B’ are co-indexed
‘A’ precedes ‘B’
‘A’ and ‘B’ are
clausemates
(arguments to the same predicate here, accompanies)
‘A’ is called the binder and ‘B’ is called bound
In the previous example
Peter’s cat and him were
clausemates
, but not Peter and himSlide16
Preliminary Binding Conditions - Modified
(A) A reflexive pronoun must have a binder within its local clause.
(B) A non-reflexive pronoun must not have a binder within its local clause.Slide17
Full NP’s
His
1
cat accompanies Peter
1
to temple
उसकी
1
बिल्ली राम
1
के साथ मंदिर जाती है
।
Peter’s
1
cat accompanies Peter
1
to temple
राम
1
की बिल्ली राम
1
के साथ मंदिर जाती है
।
Although, in the previous table we saw that a full NP does not have any antecedent in the local clause, the above sentences are valid English sentences.Thus introducing the concept of Binder for Full NPs leads us to the 3rd Binding Condition(C) A full NP must not be boundSlide18
Issues with Binder
*Peter
1
thinks that I hate Peter
1
*
राम
1
सोचता है कि मैं राम
1
से द्वेष करता हूँ
|
According to Binding Conditions, a Full NP must not be bound(as ‘that’ or ‘
कि
’ separates the clauses), so the above sentence should be legit.
However, the above sentence is invalid.
Thus we need to modify the Binder definitionSlide19
C-commands
Node ‘A’ c-commands node ‘B’ if and only if
Neither ‘A’ nor ‘B’ dominates each other
Every branching dominator of ‘A’ must be a dominator of ‘B’.Slide20
Example
The parse tree for Hindi is same with the difference that NP precedes V while branching VP.Slide21
New Definition of Binding
NP ‘A’ binds NP ‘B’ if and only if
‘A’ and ‘B’ are co-indexed
‘A’ precedes ‘B’
‘A’ c-commands ‘B’Slide22
Explanation through C-Command
The parse tree for Hindi is same with the difference that NP precedes V while branching VP.Slide23
Conclusions
Binding Theory provides insights into how Noun Phrases are co-indexed.
Binding Theory can be used to disambiguate sentences ( the binding conditions can be used to eliminate invalid parse
trees).Slide24
References
[1] Binding Theory by Daniel
Buring
, Cambridge University
Press
(2005)
[2]
ctlhpan.cityu.edu.hk/
haihuapan
/course
[3]http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaphora_(linguistics)Slide25
Thank You