English loanwords in the economic, political cultural influence an int - PDF document

English loanwords in the economic, political cultural influence an international language, world languages have loanwords from English, especially during twentieth century. Japanese contains thousands universal use. domestic phonetic script both represent and distinguish non-native sounds. outlines the and cultural contexts from English nativization, and functions served graphical, phonological, morphological, semantic syntactic modifications words aid native language. However, linguistic extent kept from native language and culture, powers from the sixteenth century resulted loanwords being borrowed from several Western into Japanese. Japan’s first Western country traders and sixteenth century. loanwords therefore came from Portuguese. for example, former word guese ‘vidro’) became replaced (from Dutch). However, Later in the sixteenth cen- tury, the Spanish were Japan for a years, lending words from English were only ten years (1613-1623) and there words from the Japanese during that Western nation has had seventeenth century, continue trading the period national seclusion from the mid-seventeenth century to the century, contributing large number the Japanese use. Examples such words words relat- to medicine and science, studied from Dutch during Japan’s isolation from warships arrived what is now Tokyo harbour mid-nineteenth century. accept American demands to open trade and diplomatic relations In subsequent years, several Western nations. the symbolic and the (Enlightened Rule). the same year, a Charter Oath issued, declaring that ‘knowledge shall be sought throughout the foundation modernizing society the slogan ‘Western technology, Pharmaceutical University, Road, Oxford Street. Suite pursued a rapid modernization that would allow the nation industrial and isolation from Western culture had been replaced the resolution as possible from Western countries. began intensive study contemporary Western science and technology, and related terminologies were constructed loan translations subsequent adoption Western customs and aspects accompanied and aided into the language, mainly from German, French Foreign culture studied from Western nations most in therefore, medicine the Germans, commerce from British, and cuisine fashion from the French. During the late elite class the Western such as dress, dining Western ideas philosophy came accepted and admired general population also certain aspects Western culture their traditional imported foreign culture words from the years. However, during the period occupation for the years after the war, the rebuilding overseen and Japan once made concerted Westernize. Previously banned words were reinstated in the became renewed that period has continued study ‘Nihon Japan’), published (Japan Association Libraries) in that over Loanword Dictionary English. Since an expanding loanwords have absorbed into Japanese. ‘borrowed’ into culture and context. Most words taken Japanese show orthographical, phonological, structural integration into linguistic system. loans were Chinese characters according their pronunciation can be written either phonetically three Chinese characters originally used represent the still available a resource for creating words from Latin elements, become more word into katakana according the distinctive Japanese phonetic script, katakana. Examples borrowed words this paper the ‘Hepburn’ romanization developed the American the nineteenth century, and Generally, there consensus over the katakana loanwords, though some Basil Blackwell (earring). Sometimes, different meanings, such (a pressing iron) and not the pronunciation, the English word. happens that two to the thus, both and ‘grammar’ and domestic phonetic script immediate capacity to absorb the Japanese system, even temporary basis. to show the approximate pronunciation non-loan foreign words, such languages and the transcription foreigners’ names into Japanese. borrowed words undergo simple phonetic modification. However, loanwords the everyday Japanese vocabulary Such change native words, have been have difficulty in their items containing such their pronunciation. sound in ‘restaurant’ borrowed from undergo phonetic change into Japanese. Japanese sound based on consonant-vowel syllables. Borrowed words are adapted this system. Consonant clusters in English (except those broken up loanwords ending (bed). Some consonant sounds English which the nearest Japanese equivalents; is usually the Japanese such as phonological changes the table headphone heddohon remarkable development the general enable words foreign origin pronounced closer during the years, and therefore particularly recently. Some rarely used. Examples special syllables the table below, teacup tikappu Roman script; pronounced however, according Japanese pronunciation shidi. Acronyms, pronounced as Japanese words; for example, need to Enghsh words to accommodate them Japanese results them becoming borrowing. Loan- abbreviated, either after entering language. Usually this involves backclipping, where word is omitted. Blending also common abbreviated words and blending blending )Backclipping of second word masukomi (mass commu[nication]) omuraisu (ome[letl both words (pan[tyl stolcking]) rare; examples examples )raoruketro (towell[ing] + [blanlket) and homu ([platjform). New combinations of words. There are many unique combinations Japanese as (literally ‘English which has become ticket office written test good taste passing the baton loanblends; combinations words from range microwave oven denwa bokkusu box telephone telephone nostalgic melody morning shampoo ch6nekutai J butterfly + necktie bowtie wagomu J circle + Dutch gom rubber band Many words borrowed from basic English vocabulary their corresponding Japanese word being the words deriving from man, woman, boy, home, air, tree, sun, food, etc. Examples words incorporating basic items (patrol car), (air conditioner), glasses) and to food Borrowed words acquire culture-specific meanings, degrees. It be difficult to has retained same meaning use as straightforward loan such different context -Japanese computers have bilingual katakana keyboards and Japanese-language operating meaning varies different meaning. Some examples the latter latter trump Viking Pot echo seal Meaning high-class block of flats reception desk playing cards buffet meal thermos flask acoustics sticky label Some loan different meaning from their original, because the com- ponent words were taken separately, and recombined chance. Examples (morning service) Japanese means set breakfast served a restaurant, (short cut) a short haircut, and (training pants) Japanese refers to specific, meaning in equivalent term. Examples (tinned, not tuna), and caramel custard pudding). semantic change where the loanword refer only to Western-style versions; Japanese name be called their foreign-derived name pared Western-style; the Japanese for borrowed from languages sometimes collocations. Words from different languages, but same Latin sometimes acquired variant meanings, such (from English a drinking as a material); a cup) and a tumbler). into Japanese structure, for grammatical elements. ‘this is pen desu’ Most loanwords as verbs ‘suru’ (roughly meaning ‘to as in some shopping). Loanwords adjectives take Japanese endings, for example as adverbs take the adverbial ending as in Loan words into the Japanese syntactical were native words, ascribed particles subject and object markers exception is borrowed, as redl fusuto fusuto first) and man tsli man (man-to-man, one-to-one). In rare cases, such as advertising slogan, a sentence can loanwords in in English. and meaning take on adapted meanings serve the needs a changing society. Loan- modification, both entering the language, and that the a word its original not be understood; nor need be, as loanwords without reference foreign origin, no deep cultural motivation original meanings. loanwords enables them to to the and current trends and needs. Foreign words written Japanese script represent interface between Western and Japanese society. katakana facilitates foreign words, and culturally. a domestic phonetic script transcribe foreign words than creating Chinese characters, which would require a consensus approval before could come It gives any individual and freedom English word script, without the sound any foreign can therefore be transcribed Thus, Japanese can down a name immediately dictation exercises, students write what they hear first then transcribe language at leisure, after possible meanings the words the absorption into Japanese words from rapidly developing constantly requires When this Basil Blackwell can be to express Japanese tradi- tions, no matter the degree Western culture. Incomplete foreign loans helps traditional concepts can freely choose two cultures Japanese home, normally has both Japanese- and Western-style rooms, clearly and furnishings. Western-style rooms; allowing its to enjoy lifestyle within also homes Western-style, but have Japanese-style rooms. However, the same clear compartmentalization describe the different; Western-style rooms, for example, window. Similarly, written almost entirely katakanized loanwords, Japanese-style restaurant Chinese characters. the Japanese/Western derive from their bold and simple lines. Katakana separates loanwords from those ancient Chinese origin conspicuously different script. Keeping foreign words compartmentalized benefit from their addition vocabulary from change. words thus enables Japan to develop Western vocabulary Westernization, without threatening the Although loanwords ark recognizable they may not common, unknown in Japanese, the word common for native syllables foreign words (described earlier to some extent phonologically, recognized vocabulary. This for loanwords one factor there has been alongside the home culture, than replace it, allows Japanese people experience aspects while still having access to their own. loan words Japanese English loanwords derived English provides a Japanese person, regardless extent, however, these words hensible to non-Japanese? pronunciation, form meaning described can be a doubt that a large corpus one’s own the potential that a can often comprehend words in the romance French, due to their French-derived words a general awareness amongst Japanese people that from their derivative words, but individuals be aware as to such information about loanwords a) whether it a loanword all; especially when it is written in Chinese characters, has a language the loan comes from loan in its original language often transference from loan English, leading English. Typical examples arbeit after from the (German ‘Arbeit’) a part-time job Japanese, and a mansion? from the loan (English ‘mansion’), Japanese and works as a in that restaurant’ from the the front hotel’ meaning the recep- desk’, which a) Many English loanwords name imported things in Japan Japanese culture previously, such Western ideas accompanied by loanwords, such not have in Japanese. b) Loanwords often associated a sophisticated, Western Japanese words equivalent meaning because their foreign appeal. Their modem often makes them preferable domestic equivalents, where these many loanwords equivalents provides English loanwords a reflection Japanese culture, but also helps serve creating a atmosphere. They especially prevalent youth culture. sometimes used special effect, especially in angular kata- kana script catches and the the attention. can be practical use, not only in advertising marketing, but also ‘Walkman’ has, the product image for perhaps also With rapid international information exchange such in technology, not have native words, can be used express sentiments be difficult Japanese. Loanwords can have euphemistic value, such expressions such seat), a seat a tendency for the use approach the English usage automatic steeringhransmission be described Japan’ term clutch), but (from an a good knowledge approaching those words can be borrowed, as they accompanying katakana reading, customers can read and pronounce although often original pronunciation. Sometimes a loanword and its derivation together, such in a poster headed English word ‘Bar- gain Sale’ foreign loans become popularized has a literate population, a large number and monthly publica- everyone has a and there a wide annually published books explaining terms recently entered the become known, now they available to everyone, at society. Whereas English a foreign language still tends to be intellectual elite, marker. They society, not as a native language. loanword vocabulary, continues to expand evolve, serving changing linguistic essential role contemporary Japanese Sociolinguistic Studies Heath, Jeffrey contact and language change. Higa, Masanori Sociolinguistic aspects word borrowing. SociolinguisticStudies in Language by W. Kachru, Braj The Spread, Functions, and Models Pergamon Press. Kachru, Braj Lexical innovations south Asian the Sociology Kachru, Braj sociolinguistic realism: English language in the World: Teaching Learning the Language Widdowson. Cambridge: University Press. Hague: Mouton. pp. World Englishes: and resources. Language Teaching, Kay, Gillian Gairaigo revisited. the English Language. Oxford Univer- York: Oxford University Press. Japan’s infatuations World Englishes, Encounters Japan: Perryto MacArthur. John Hopkins Uni- Language Transfer: Language Learning. Language varieties Press. pp. versity Press. bridge University Press. Shibatani, Masayoshi Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Strevens, Peter The localized Tongue: English Urbana, Illinois: University Illinois Press. Basil Blackwell