speech sounds made when air passes from lungs through vocal tract which shapes into different sounds based on varying the shape and size of tract through which air passes No language takes advantage of every sound possible Eg ID: 601411
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Slide1
Phonetics = sounds of language
speech sounds made when air passes from lungs through vocal tract, which shapes into different sounds based on varying the shape and size of tract through which air passes. No language takes advantage of every sound possible. E.g
.
J
apanese and
T
hai have no V soundSlide2
Three Branches
1) articulatory phonetics: central to discipline of linguistics refers to human vocal apparatus and describes sounds in terms of their articulation in the vocal tract.
2) acoustic phonetics: uses physics to study sound waves produced in human language (used in voice automated response systems,
etc
)
3) auditory phonetics : studies perception of sounds by brainSlide3
Sounds vs. Spellings: words may have the same number of sounds as letters (e.g. banana, adult, set) or there may be "lack of correspondence" (
eg
cough = 3, freight = 4, through=4)Slide4
Because sound system of language (phonetics) is different than the representation (letters of alphabet) in writing system…
t
here is a distant relationship between sounds and lettersSlide5
Five Reasons for Discrepancies between sound and letters
English spelling has diverse origins dating back to the Normans with French customs
2) language uses same spelling system despite changes to pronunciation (
eg
the "k" in knife was once pronounced)
3) English is spoken differently throughout the world yet spelling system remains the same
4) letters alter their pronunciation based on adjacent letters (second “c” in electric
vs
, electricity or the “
i
” in senile
vs
senility)
5) spoken forms differ b/w formal and informal circumstances (
gonna
,
wanna
, gotcha)Slide6
Homonyms or Homophones
words pronounced alike (and maybe spelling) but with different meanings
bear/bare, to/two/too
band
- a ring, something that binds;
band
- a group
http://
www.dailywritingtips.com
/homonyms-homophones-homographs-and-heteronyms/
simplifications are rare and slow changing like thru,
nite
,
foto
, etc.Slide7
Where Sounds Take Place
Labio
-dental or alveolar (
al-vee-uh-
ler
)
ridge
right
behind
upper
front
teeth
=
1 of 3 major places for English stop consonants (e.g. “t” and “d” as in time and dog
V
elar
=
tongue touching at back of roof of mouth ([k] as in "kin" )
B
ilabial
= Lips (
stops [p] and [b])
“stopped” sounds = no continuous stream of air like s or z (sink, zinc), which are fricatives. Slide8
CONSONANTS, VOWELS, AND DIPTHONGS
Consonants = sounds produced by partially or completely blocking air in its passage from lungs thru vocal tract.
Affricates -- stop-fricatives (
ch
in and
g
in and ba
tch
and ba
dge
). Stop and then air released.
Approximants -- 4 sounds [y] [r] [l] and [w]. Come close to being fricative but not enough continuous stream (s or z) to produce audible friction. (rid, lid, you
, wise)
.
Nasals - sound through nose [n] [m] and [
ng
sound in singer and sing]Slide9
Vowels = produced by shape of mouth and positions of the tongue unobstructed by narrow passages. Orthography we have 5 vowels but in speech more than that (13 distinct sounds) Characterized by position of tongue on the lips. High, low, front, back and roundness of lips (pool versus pill; feed versus food).Slide10
Diphthongs = 3 in English -- vowel sound moves tongue from one place in mouth to another. [ay] as in bite; [aw] as in pout; [
oy
] as in soy.