Speech is made up of sounds. - PowerPoint Presentation

Slide1

Speech is made up of sounds.

Writing is made up of letters.

There is no one-to-one correspondence between letters and sounds in most languages. Slide2

Example

“a” has 4 different sounds in:

Cat /

k

æ

t

/

Father /ˈ

f

ɑː

ðə

/

3. Walk /

w

ɔː

k

/

4.

About /

ə

ˈbaʊt

/ Slide3

One sound may be represented by one letter.

The second sound in

sun

,

son

,

country

and

does

is /

ʌ/.

“

oo

” may also represent /ʌ/ as in blood. Slide4

Every speech activity has two ends

Production and reception.

Speaker and listener.

Auditory – with listener

Articulatory – with producer (speaker)

Acoustic – different shapes of air pressures produced when speaking. Slide5

Branches of Phonetics

Phonetics

Acoustic

Articulatory

AuditorySlide6

Articulatory phonetics

Studies how speech organs move during the production of sounds.

Organs of speech include lungs, larynx, soft palate, hard palate, tongue, teeth, lips. Slide7

Acoustic phonetics

Studies the

acoustic characteristics of speech, including an analysis and description of speech in terms of its physical properties, such as frequency, intensity, and duration

.Slide8

Auditory phonetics

Studies how speech sounds are heard.Slide9

Organs of Speech Slide10

In the production of English sounds, we make use of an aggressive pulmonic air-stream, i.e. the air is pushed out of the lungs through the mouth or nose. Slide11
Slide12

Organs of speech are divided into:

Mobile/active (lips, tongue, lower jaw, velum)

Fixed/passive (larynx, pharynx, hard palate and alveolar ridge)Slide13

Articulatory Phonetics Slide14

Movement of one organ or part of it produces speech sound.

Production of most sounds involve two active articulators.

Some sounds involve one active articulator and one passive. Slide15

The active articulator moves and the passive articulator is passive during the production of sounds.

The tongue is active while the palate is passive.Slide16

Classification of consonants

Consonants are divided according to:

Place of articulation

: defined the location of an active articulator alone or in connection with another articulator.

Manner of articulation

: the type of obstruction made to the flow of air.

Voicing

: (+vibration) voiced or (-vibration) voiceless. Slide17

Bilabial

Two lips coming together in producing three sounds: (

two active articulators

)

/

p

/, /

b

/ and /

m

/

As in pen, bin, moonSlide18

Labiodental

Lower lip + upper teeth

Two sounds:

/f/, /v/ as in fast, verySlide19

Dental

Tip/blade of tongue + upper teeth

Two sounds:

and

As in thin and thenSlide20

Alveolar

Tip/blade of tongue + alveolar ridge

7 sounds

/t, d, s, z, n, l, r/

Tea, dog, see, zoo, noon, light, rightSlide21

Palato

-Alveolar

Tip of the tongue close alveolar ridge

Front of the tongue concave to roof of the mouth

Four sounds:

/

tʃ

/, /

dʒ

/, /

ʃ

/ and /

ʒ

/Chair, judge, shine, Slide22

Palatal

Front of the tongue approximates to the hard palate

One sound

/

j

/ as in

you, university Slide23

Velar

Back of the tongue approximates to the soft palate

Plosives /k, g/

Nasal

Kite, girls, song. Slide24

Manner of articulationSlide25

Plosives

Plosive sounds involve

complete closure

at some point in the mouth

.

Pressure

builds up behind the closure and when the air is

suddenly

released

,

a plosive is made. Slide26

3 types of plosives

Bilabial plosives

(two lips): producing two sounds: /

p

/ and /

b

/.

Alveolar plosives

(tongue against alveolar ridge): producing two sounds: /

t

/ and /

d

/

Velar plosives (back of tongue against soft palate): two sounds: /k

/ and /g

/Slide27

Fricatives

These

are

the result of

incomplete closure

at

some point

in the mouth.

The

air escapes through a narrowed

channel with

audible

friction.Slide28

When you approximate the

upper teeth to the lower lip

and allow air to escape, you can produce the

labio

-dental fricatives /f/ and /v/.

When you approximate the

tip of the tongue to the alveolar ridge

, you can produce the alveolar fricatives /s/ and /z/Slide29

Trills

Tapping the tongue against a point of contact.

When you roll the /r/ sounds in words like

r.r.r.roaming

,

r.r.r.right

,

you are tapping the curled front of the tongue against the alveolar ridge. Slide30

Laterals

These sounds also involve

partial closure

in the mouth.

The air

stream is blocked by the tip of the tongue but allowed to

escape around

the sides of the tongue. Slide31

The initial

I

l

l

sound in 'light' is a lateral; so is the final sound in ‘full’Slide32

Nasals

Nasal sounds

involve the

complete closure of the mouth

.

The velum

is lowered, diverting the air through the nose.

In

English,

the vocal

cords vibrate in the production of nasals and so English

nasals are

voiced. Slide33

There are three nasals in English

/m/ as in 'mat', ‘my’, ‘morning/

/n/ as in 'no’

and as in ‘sing’, ‘ring’, ‘wing’.Slide34

Affricates

Affricates

represent a

combination of sounds

.

At the beginning, there is

complete

closure as for a plosive

.

This

is then followed by a

slow release with

friction, as for a fricative

. Slide35

The sound at the beginning of 'chop' is a

voiceless affricate.

We make the closure as for /t/ and then release the air slowly. Slide36

The sound at the beginning and end of 'judge' is a voiced affricate. Slide37

Semi-vowels

The sounds

at the beginning of words like 'you

' and 'wet'

are made

without closure in the mouth.

they

are

vowel-like

.

They

normally occur at the beginning of a word or

syllable.

They behave functionally like consonants

.The semivowels are

represented by the symbols /j/ and /w/.Slide38

Summary

Plosives

:

bilabial

/p/ and /b/

alveolar

/t/ and /d/

velar

/k/ and /g/

Fricatives: labio-dental

/f/ and /v/

alveolar /s/ and /z/

Trills /r/Slide39

Laterals /l/

Nasals /m/, /n/ and

Affricates: and

semi- vowels: /j/ and /w/.