Summary and Interconnections Babylon 18001600 BC Controlled Assyria Kassite Babylon 16001200 BC Controlled Assyria until 1365 when Assyria gained some independence until 1200 Phoenicians vassals ID: 690285
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Syria and PalestineSlide2Slide3
Near East 1200-745 BC
Summary and Interconnections
Babylon 1800-1600 BC
Controlled Assyria
Kassite Babylon 1600-1200 BC
Controlled Assyria until 1365 when Assyria gained some independence until 1200Phoenicians: vassals of Egypt and Hittites 2000-1200 BC1200-911 BCElamites conquered Babylon 1200 BC and Chaldeans/Assyrians kept it weakened Assyria weakened by invasions (Aramaean and Elamites)Hittites small city-states from 1180-750 BC (independent until absorbed into Assyria)Arameans 1200-720 BC ( independent and gradually absorbed into Assyria)Phoenicians 1100- 800’s BC (independent); Assyrian vassals 800’s-612 BCHebrews 1200-586 (settlement, monarchy, Assyrian conquers in 722 BC and Babylon 586 BC)Slide4
Syria:
Ugarit
The earliest Canaanite Kingdom 1450-1200 BC
Vassals of Mitanni, Egypt and Hittites
Wealthy trading economy with Mycenaean Greece, Cyprus, and Egypt
Cuneiform alphabet one of the firstReligion:El: king of the gods; symbolized by a bullAsherah: consort of ElBaal: El’s son; agricultural/fertility and storm god; most prominent god; bull Slide5
Syria and Palestine:
Amorites and Canaanites
Amorites:
Semitic people who originated in the northern Syrian Desert
Dominated Babylon 1800-1600
Canannites:The area of Lebanon and Israel todayBiblical writers use is as a general term to refer to the people in the entire regionPhoenician in Syria referred to themselves as CanaaniteLinguistically refers to the family of Canaanite languages: Canaanite, Phoenician, Hebrew and Moabite Slide6
Palestine:
Phoenicians
Located on the coast of the Levant/Palestine above Israel and south of Syria.
They referred to themselves as Canaanites or by city.
Named Phoinikes by the Greeks. Means the reddish purple folk-due to the dye they used to color clothes
Controlled by Egypt and others until 1200 BCMain cities: Byblos, Sidon, Acre, JaffaCedar wood used in trade for papyrus Byblos-Greek for papyrusLots of colonies prospered: Marseilles, France; Venice and Genoa, Italy; Cadiz, Spain; Carthage, North Africa1200-800s Independent Tyre and Sidon:David and Solomon had treaties with Tyre supplying them with raw building materials800’s-612 Assyrian VassalsCarthageTrade colony on northern coat of Africa; used as a stopping point for ships bound for Iberian colonies
Later made famous in the Punic Wars of Rome
Levant area forced to pay tributeSlide7
Phoenician Culture
Borrowed from Egypt, Cyprus, Greece, Anatolia and Mesopotamia. Contributed profoundly to the western Mediterranean.
Alphabet:
22 letter consonant based alphabet based on Ugarit
Greek later added vowel sounds
Religion:
Baal and Ashtoreth cult Animal sacrifice and human sacrificeTechnology and Art:Extracted a purple dye (phoinikes) from a snail (reserved for royalties=royal purple/blue)Warships influenced later Greek shipsSlide8
Syria:
Arameans
1200-720 BC
Semitic-speaking who settled into the Old Syrian Kingdom after Hittites fell
Became absorbed into Assyria
Aramaic: Semitic language; related to Phoenician and Hebrew. Used the Phoenician alphabet and replaced Akkadian as the language of trade/administration during the Persian Empire Dominate language in Palestine in the first century AD.Slide9
Palestine:
The Philistines
1190-700 BC
Sea Peoples, Peleset, that Ramesses III settled into the Levant area
We derive the name Palestine from Philistine
Major cities:Ashdod, Ashkelon, Gaza, Akron, and GathAegean in originPottery, clothing, weaponry, shipsConflict with the Hebrews who occupied the hills of the Palestinian regionSampson/Delilah, David/Goliath David confined them in the early 900’sLater conquered by Assyria in the 700’s and Neo-Babylon in the later 600’sSlide10
Hebrews:
Historical Origins
Historical
Origin
Known by Israelites until 950 and then the Jews after the 500’s.
Merneptah’s stela provides us with the first mention of a Nation of Israel around 1200.Habiru: term used to mean a nomad; later used in Egypt to refer to a group of people; used to designate the Hebrews early in historical recordsExodus: Moses is Egyptian origin; Levite
names are
Egyptian
origin
Written
Hebrew language developed in 10
th
century (called Canaanite until 300’s
)
“Amorite” memory written reflect the Patriarch traditionsSlide11
Hebrews:
Archaeological Origins
Burn layers around 1550 in some Canaan sites (early exodus)
Jericho, Ai, and Gibeon were not occupied in the 1400’s-1200’s
Earlier or much later conquest
1350-1213 BC
Berlin Pedestal from Egypt (Nation at this point)1200 BC Mernephtah Stela “Israel is laid to waste his seed is no more” from EgyptNo Exodus artifacts from 1400-1200’s BCSlide12
Origins of the Bible
Hebrew Bible is 24 Books
Two different versions
Masoretic: tradition dates to 450 BC; contains fewer books
Septuagint: dates to about AD 100; written for Greek –speaking Jews and contains books about the Hellenistic Period
Possible issues with the text
Long life spansUse stores from other ancient cultures (Flood)No evidence for the ExodusOriginal text wasn’t going for historical accuracy. It was intended to develop the religious aspect.Slide13Slide14Slide15Slide16Slide17
Early Pre-Monarchy History
After settling into Canaan, the Hebrews set up Judges
which are heroic figures like military chieftains
They will battle the Philistines who are of Aegean originSlide18
United Monarchy
Biblical: one cohesive group of people united under David
Secular: always been two distinct groups
Pressure from Philistines urged the Israelites to move from judges to monarchy
Saul (1027-1005 BC): First King/Prince; unable to fully unite and eliminate the Philistine threat
David (1005-970 BC): first ruler of a united Israel (king of Judah first and later united north and south)
Pushed borders to their greatest extent, Jerusalem the capital, composed PsalmsSolomon (970-931 BC): 12 administrative districtsFortifies trade citiesTemple and PalaceTrade relations with Phoenician Tyre, Neo-Hittites, Egypt, Cilicia, And ArabiaDiscontent caused by high taxes and foreign wivesSlide19Slide20Slide21Slide22Slide23Slide24Slide25Slide26
Divided Kingdoms:
Israel and Judah
Northern (10 tribes/Israel):
Jeroboam (931-910)
Bethel and Dan two major centers of worship
Larger, Wealthier but unstableProphetic renunciation of kings, attractive to invadersOmri (885-874)Samaria the capitalRebuilt after Aramaean (Damascus, Syria) attacked and made alliances with Phoenicians in TyreAssyrians referred to Israel as the house of OmriAhab (873-852)Strengthened Israel and increased prosperityPhoenician style buildingsIntroduced foreign religion via Jezebel (Phoenician)800’s Assyrian domination700’s Israel and Judah stable but large social inequalityAmos and Hosea’s period
Southern (2 tribes/Judah):
Rehoboam (932-915)
Jehoshaphat (873-849)
Jehoram (849-842) ??
Married Athaliah Omri’s
daughter
Ahaziah (842-842)
Athaliah (842-835)
Mother of Ahaziah and only ruler of non-Davidic descent