THE REFERENCE ACCENTS RP GenAm RP received generally accepted standard BBC Southern British accent Sb who uses it has no accent England Wales but NOT Scotland Georgraphically RP England not a specific locality educated upperuppermiddle class ID: 765615
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THE REFERENCE ACCENTS; RP-GenAm RP: received, generally accepted, standard, BBC, Southern British accent, Sb who uses it has ‘no accent’ , England, Wales but NOT Scotland Georgraphically : RP: England, not a specific locality , educated , upper/upper-middle class Occupations: barrister, stockbrokers, diplomats . Its speakers speak RP as of childhood, they went to public schools Till 70s: RP was demanded in BBC
HOW MANY BRITISH SPEAK RP? In Wells ‘ (1980): less than 10% Nowadays: about 5-8% After the loosening of social stratification: by the end of the 20th century: “everybody will speak English with an accent” (Wells, 1980, vol 1, p 118).
Gen AM In the USA: no equivalent to RP It’s morphology, syntax that people often make stereotypical judgments Except: South, East< N.York : localizable, non-standard Gen Am: 2/3 of the Am population who do NOT have a recognizably local accent : Ohio, Middle West, on to the Pacific Coast BUT NOT A uniform accent
RP accent
The triangle of RP
THE RP VOWEL SYSTEM In checked/closed syllables: ɪ ʊ e ᴂ ʌ ɒ In open/free syllables: i: u: ɪə ʊə eɪ ɔɪ eə ɜ: ɔ: aɪ a: except /ə/: 19 vowels-diphthongs
RP LEXICAL SETS KIT /ɪ/ FLEECE /i:/ NEAR / ɪə / DRESS /e/ FACE / eɪ / SQUARE / eə / TRAP /ᴂ/ PALM /ɑ:/ START /ɑ:/ LOT /ɒ/ THOUGHT /ɔ:/ NORTH /ɔ:/ STRUT /ʌ/ GOAT / əʊ / FORCE /ɔ:/ FOOT /ʊ/ GOOSE /ʊ/ CURE / ʊə / BATH /ɑ:/ PRICE / aɪ / HAPPY /ɪ/ =/ i /=/i:/ NURSE /ɜ:/ MOUTH /ɜ:/ LETTER /ə/
Gen Am Vowels ɪ ʊ i u ɛ ʌ eɪ ɔɪ o ɜ ɔ ᴂ aɪ ɑ excluding /ə/, /ɚ/: 15 vowels What are the main characteristics of Gen Am??
MAIN FEATURES OF Gen Am Duration: not much important, varies Free, checked vowels may assume diphthongical position: e.g., / i /→/ ɪi /,/e/→/ eɪ / , /u/→/ ʊu /, /o/→/ oʊ /,/ i /→/ ɪə / (e.g., / hil /→/ hɪəl / r colour /color:/ ɜ+r /→/ɝ/=/ɚ/ e.g., NURSE
Gen Am Vowels in Lexical Sets KIT /ɪ/ FLEECE / i / NEAR / ɪr / DRESS /ɛ/ FACE / eɪ / SQUARE / ɛr / TRAP /ᴂ/ PALM /ɑ/ START / ɑr / LOT /ɑ/ THOUGHT /ɔ/ NORTH / ɔr / STRUT /ʌ/ GOAT /o/,/ oʊ / FORCE /or/ FOOT /ʌ/ GOOSE /u/ CURE / ʊr / BATH /ᴂ/ PRICE / aɪ / HAPPY /ɪ/=/ i / CLOTH /ɔ/ CHOICE / ɔɪ / LETTER /ɚ/ NURSE /ɝ/ MOUTH / aʊ / COMMA /ə/ COMPARISON??
COMPARISON BTWN RP AND Gen Am Many similarities ( i :/ i , aɪ , etc ) In other cases, not a one-to-one correspondence: e.g., ‘stop’, ‘dodge’, ‘romp’ In RP: /ɒ/ but in Gen Am: /ɑ/ but in ‘cough’, ‘gone’, ‘Boston’: Gen Am:/ɔ/ RP : a systemic contrast /ɒ/vs /ɑ:/ which Gen Am lacks RP: /ɑ:/ in Gen Am: /ᴂ/ RP: centring diphthongs
RP VS Gen Am Consonants Plosives, Affricates : p, t, k, b, d, g, tʃ , dʒ Fricatives: f, v, ɵ, ᵭ, s, z, ʃ, ʒ, h Nasals: m, n, ŋ Approximants, Liquids: w, j, l, r Conclusions from the consonant chart??
RP vs Gen Am Consonants The same phonemes, no systemic differences BUT in phonetic realization : /l/: darker, more velarised in Gen Am e.g., [ ʤɛɬi ], [ pɪɬo ], etc Rule? /t/→[ɾ]/ [ V+stess ]-V writer, putting In phonotactics :/r/: widely distributed rule? e.g., Far, farm, etc
Differences btw RP vs Gen Am consonants In clusters: / hw /: still possible ‘which’, ‘where’ :/ hwɪʧ /, / hwɛr / / tj /, / dj /, / nj /: lacked by many Am speakers: ‘mature’, ‘during’, ‘nuclear’ RP: / məˈtjʊə /, /ˈ djʊərɪŋ /, / nju:klɪə / Gen Am/ məˈtʊr /, /ˈ dʊrɪŋ /, /ˈ nʊklɪɚ /
Other lexical differences btwn RP-Gen Am RP Gen Am / ədˈvɜ:tɪsmənt / /ˈᴂ dvɚtaɪzmənt / /ˈᴂ nti / /ˈᴂ ntaɪ / /et/ / eɪt / /ˈ bᴂleɪ / / bəˈleɪ / / kla:k / / klɝk / /ˈ ʃedju:l / /ˈ skɛʤʊl / in stress: / əˈdres / /ˈᴂ drɛs / Strong forms ‘of’, ‘from’, ‘was’: /ə/ /ʌ/