1995 49 95105 Cooperation iu male lions kinship reciprocity or mutualism JON GRINNELL CRAIG PACKER ANNE E PUSEY Department of Ecology Evolution and Behaviour University of Minnesota St ID: 942332
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Anim. Behav., 1995, 49, 95-105 Cooperation iu male lions: kinship, reciprocity or mutualism? JON GRINNELL, CRAIG PACKER & ANNE E. PUSEY Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behaviour, Un
iversity of Minnesota, St Paul, MN 55108, U.S.A. (Received 7 September 1993; initial acceptance 18 October 1993; final acceptance I7 December 1993; MS. number: ~6859~) Abstract. Playback
experiments simulating the presence of 96 Animal Behaviour, 49, I Table I. All observed encounters between resident coalitions and their outcomes Date No. of males:no. of males Result 23
August 1978 December 1967 September 1978 March 1981 September 1983 August 1987 January 1971 November 1967 January 1989 3:1 3 chase 1 2:1 2 chase 1 2:1 2 chase/attack 1 2:l 2 chase 1 2:1 2
kill 1 2:1-2 2 all small cubs when they first take over a prolonged residence is essential for successful reproduction. Lions are primarily nocturnal, and thus direct observations of int
er-coalition encoun- ters are rare. However, male lions commonly receive wounds typical of such fighting, suggesting that these encounters are frequent. Table I sum- marizes all direct ob
servations of encounters between rival coalitions. These data emphasize the role of ma&male cooperation in inter-group competition: large coalitions dominate smaller coalitions. As a result
of such small coalitions (Bygott et al. 1979; Packer et al. 1988). Resident males father all offspring sired during their tenure in a pride, but individual repro- ductive success of coal
ition partners becomes increasingly skewed with increasing coalition size (Gilbert et al. 1991; Packer et al. 1991a). Conse- quently, a resident’s territory we can simulate encounter
s between coalitions that would otherwise rarely be observed. Grinnell et al.: Cooperation in male lions Figure 1. A male lion approaches and attacks a stuffed lion after hearing the recor
ded roar of a single male A total c )f three playbacks that included a dummy were performed: in two playbacks, one of the residents the dum my and in the third both did so. intruder. attack