1 Things that have ALL the characteristics of life are called what ORGANISMS All living things are organized grow amp develop reproduce respond maintain certain internal conditions amp use energy ID: 679744
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Slide1
Cells: The Basic Units of Life & the Cell in Action
1Slide2
Things that have ALL the characteristics of life are called what?
ORGANISMS
All living things are… organized, grow & develop, reproduce, respond, maintain certain internal conditions & use energy.
2Slide3
In biology, the smallest unit that can perform all life processes is called what?
3
ROBERT HOOKE
From the Latin word cellula, which means “small rooms”
A CELLSlide4
This states that all living things are… made of one or more cells, the cell is the smallest unit of life & all new cells come from preexisting cells is known as what?
THE CELL THEORY
4
Humans have over 100 trillion cells!Slide5
The ________________ is a flexible covering that protects the inside of a cell from the environment outside of a cell.
A __________ is a stiff structure outside the membrane (only in plant cells).
CELL MEMBRANE
CELL WALL
5Slide6
A liquid fluid inside the cell that contains salts & other molecules is called the what?
CYTOPLASM
What is the network of thread-like proteins that are joined which form a framework inside the cell?
CYTOSKELETON
6Slide7
A membrane-surrounded component (part) of a eukaryotic cell with a specialized function is called what?
ORGANELLE
7Slide8
The abbreviation for d
eoxyribo
n
ucleic
acid, an organism’s genetic material found in cells is what?
DNA
8Slide9
The ____________ is the part of the eukaryotic cell that directs cell activities & contains genetic information stored in DNA-the brain of the cell.
NUCLEUS
9Slide10
Prokaryotes:Eukaryotes:
An
organism that consists of a single cell that does not have a nucleus
An organism
made up of cells that have a nucleus enclosed by a membraneBacteriaAnimals, plants, mold,
yeast & fungi
10Slide11
These are membranes-bound organelles that use light energy & make food-a sugar called glucose-from water & carbon dioxide in a process know as photosynthesis (they are only present in plant cells). They are called what?
CHLOROPLASTS
11Slide12
A cell organelle composed of RNA, protein & the site of protein synthesis is what?
RIBOSOME
Another cell organelle in eukaryotic cells, which is surrounded by two membranes & that is the site of cellular respiration is what?
MITOCHONDRIA
12Slide13
Ribonucleic acid, a type of nucleic acid that carries the code for making proteins from the nucleus to the cytoplasm is called what?
RNA
13Slide14
Animal Cells vs. Plant Cells
14
Animal Cells are Round & Curved.
Plant Cells are Square & Boxy.
Except for
__________
&
____________
most organelles are found in both Animal & Plant Cells!
CELL WALLS
CHLOROPLASTSSlide15
Organelles & Their Functions
Nucleus
Chloroplast
Contains
the cell’s DNA & is the control center of the cellUses the energy of sunlight to male food for plants
Ribosome
Golgi Complex
Amino acids are hooked together
to make proteins
Processes & transports proteins & other materials out of the cell
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Vacuole
Makes
lipids, breaks down drugs & other substances
Stores water & other materials
Mitrochondria
Lysosome
Breaks down food molecules to make ATP
Digests food particles, wastes, cell
parts & foreign invaders
15Slide16
The levels of organization in the human body consist of what?
CELLS,
CELL CLUSTERS,
TISSUES,
ORGANS,
ORGAN SYSTEMS & ORGANISMS
16Slide17
Are groups of similar types of cells that work together to carry out specific tasks; comes from Latin meaning “weave.”
TISSUES
17Slide18
__________ are groups of different tissues working together to perform a particular job; examples are heart, lungs & kidneys. These do not usually function alone, ________________ are groups of different organs that work together to complete a series of tasks; examples are digestive, nervous & circulatory.
ORGANS
ORGAN SYSTEMS
18Slide19
19
Multicellular
Organisms:
Unicellular Organisms:Advantages:
Advantages:*Genetic variation (look different)*Live longer*Larger Size*Do not need a partner to reproduceDisadvantages:
Disadvantages:
*Reproduction takes energy &
a partner is needed
No genetic variation (looks the same)
*Shorter life span
*Very
small in sizeSlide20
Is the passive movement of substances from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration is referred to as what?
DIFFUSION
20Slide21
The passive transport diffusion of water (H
2
O) molecules only through a membrane is called what?
OSMOSIS
21Slide22
Is the movement of substance through a cell membrane without using the cell’s energy; it depends on the amount of a substance on each side of a membrane; this is called what?
PASSIVE TRANSPORT
22Slide23
Is the movement of substances through a cell membrane only by using the cell’s energy (opposite of passive) is called what?
ACTIVE TRANSPORT
23Slide24
_____________ is the process during which a cell takes in a substance by surrounding it with the cell membrane & _____________ is the process during which a cell’s vesicles release their contents outside the cell.
ENDOCYTOSIS
EXOCYTOSIS
Both Endocytosis & Exocytosis are examples of active
t
ransport.
24Slide25
This is a series of chemical reactions that convert light energy, water & CO2
into food-molecules glucose & give off oxygen in primary plants; is called what?
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
FROM THE GREEK PHOTO, MEANS “LIGHT”; & SYNTHESIS, MEANS “COMPOSITION”
25Slide26
Is a series of chemical reactions that convert the energy in food molecules into a usable form of energy called ATP which is called what?
CELLULAR RESPIRATION
Cellular Respiration occurs first in the Cytoplasm & then the Mitochondria.
26Slide27
Is a reaction that eukaryotic & prokaryotic cells can use to obtain energy from food when oxygen levels are low is called what?
FERMENTATION
27Slide28
Examples of Fermentation are What?
YEAST
ALCOHOL
ETHANOL
LACTIC-ACIDBACTERIA
28Slide29
Most cells in an organism go through a cycle of growth, development & division called what?
THE CELL
CYCLE
29Slide30
A rod-shaped cellular structure made of condensed chromatin
; contains DNA, which carries the genetic information that controls inherited characteristic such as eye color & blood-type is called what?
CHROMOSOMES
30Slide31
Most dividing human cells normally complete the cell cycle in about __________.
31
24 HOURSSlide32
32In eukaryotic cells, a process of cell division that forms two new nuclei, each of which has the same number of chromosomes is referred to what?
MITOSISSlide33
PHASES
OF THE CELL CYCLE
PHASE
STAGE
DESCRIPTION
INTERPHASE
G1
GROWTH & CELLULAR FUNCTIONS; ORGANELLE REPLICATION
S
GROWTH &
CHROMOSOME REPLICATION; ORGANELLE REPLICATION
G2
GROWTH & CELLULAR FUNCTIONS; ORGANELLE REPLICATION
2. MITOTIC PHASE
MITOSIS
DIVISON OF NUCLEUS
CYTOKINESIS
DIVISION OF CYTOPLASM
33Slide34
A main phase within the cell cycle; where in this period the cell grows & develops & copies within itself is called?
INTERPHASE
34Slide35
During “Interphase” Most Cells Go Through Three Stages:
(G
1
) Rapid growth & replication, or copying, of the membrane-bound structures called organelles.
(S) Copying of DNA, the genetic information in a cell.
(G
2
) Preparation for cell
d
ivision.
35Slide36
What are the Four Phases of Mitosis?
1.
P
ROPHASE
2. METAPHASE
3.
A
NAPHASE
4.
T
ELEOPHASE
PMAT
36Slide37
This is the period before cell division occurs. The cell grows to its mature size, makes a copy of its DNA, & prepares to divide (90%).
This is the 4 stages where the cell’s nucleus divides into 2 nuclei. 1 copy of the DNA is distributed into each of the 2 cells.
The final stage completes the process of cell division; the cytoplasm divides, distributing the organelles into each of the 2 new cells.
Stage 1:
Interphase
Stage 2: Mitosis (PMAT)
Stage 3:
Cytokinesis
37Slide38
Stage 2: Mitosis: Part 1: Prophase
Chromatin condense & the nuclear membrane breaks down.
Stage 2: Mitosis: Part 2: Metaphase
Chromosomes lineup across the center of the Cell
.
Stage 2: Mitosis: Part 3: Anaphase
The
Centromeres
split & the Cell becomes stretched out as the opposite ends pull apart.
Stage 2: Mitosis: Part 4:
Telophase
The Chromosomes begin to stretch & a new nuclear membrane forms around each region.
38Slide39
Results of Cell Division are What?
REPRODUCTION,
GROWTH,
REPLACEMENT,
& REPAIR
39