Dr L E Chase Department of Animal Science Cornell University Todays Dairy Cow The dairy cow is a marvel as a biological manufacturing plant The average New York dairy cow produced 20071 lbs of milk per lactation in 2009 ID: 592153
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Dairy Cattle Nutrition – The Basics
Dr. L. E. ChaseDepartment of Animal ScienceCornell UniversitySlide2
Today’s Dairy Cow
The dairy cow is a marvel as a biological manufacturing plantThe “average” New York dairy cow produced 20,071 lbs. of milk per lactation in 2009The “average” New York dairy cow produced 10,885 lbs. of milk per lactation in 1970
This is an 84% increase!Slide3
Today’s Dairy Cow - 2
We have a number of herds in NY with herd average milk production > 30,000 lbs/cowWhat is the biological limit to milk production?How can an individual cow in a herd produce > 200 lbs of milk per day when housed in a group fed a ration balanced for 85 lbs. of milk?Slide4
Current World Record - Holstein
Ever-Green-View My 1326-ET3x, 365 days = 72,170 lbs milkAverage = 198 lbs/day!Slide5
What About Jersey’s?
World record – 2007Mainstream Barkly Jubilee2x, 365 days = 49,250 lbs. milk4.6% fat, 3.3% milk true protein
Average of 135 lbs. milk/day!Was on supplemented rotational grazing for part of the recordSlide6
World Lifetime Milk Production Record Cow
8/2004 = 442,690 lbs milk
> 52,000 Gallons!!!!Slide7
Milk - - 100 lbs (13 lbs of dry matter) - 4.9 lbs. of lactose (sugar) - 3.6 lbs of milk fat - 3.1 lbs. of milk true protein
Manure - - 190 lbs of total manure - 60 – 70 lbs of urine - 120 -130 lbs fecal material
What Does a Cow Producing 100 lbs. of Milk Excrete/Day?Slide8
What Does a Cow producing 100 lbs. of Milk Need to Make Each Day?
7 – 8 lbs of glucose (sugar)
3 – 4 lbs. of microbial protein2 – 2.5 lbs of absorbed amino acidsSlide9
How Much Does This Cow Eat & Drink?
55 – 60 lbs. of feed dry matter intake - 120 – 130 lbs of wet feed - Assumes ration is 45% dry matterDrinks 30 – 35 gallons of waterSlide10
Why is DMI Important?
Must be a package size that the cow can be expected to consumeRelated directly to potential milk production, feed cost and
PROFITEssential if rations are formulated on a nutrient density basisCan’t do
problem solving without DMISlide11
What Controls DMI?
Ration Energy Content
Low
High
Intake
Energy
DMSlide12
Factors Affecting Dry Matter Intake
Cow Factors
Milk
Milk Solids
Size
Maturity
Days in Milk
Genetics
Transition Insults
Mastitis Status
Forage Factors
Maturity
Texture/Particle Distribution
Condition - mold
Condition - pH
Condition - fermentation
Environmental Factors
Air Quality - ventilation
Ambient Temperature
Relative Humidity
Haircoat Condition
Access to Feed
Social Overhead
Access to Stall
Manger/Bunk Surface
Stall Comfort
Lighting
bST
Ration Intended vs. Utilized*
Concentrate Factors
Complement with Forage
Texture
Condition - mold
Condition - freshness
People Factors
Who is responsible for every
other factor listed above?!Slide13
Factors Which Influence DMISlide14
High Producing Dairy Herds
Do they attain high levels of milk production by increasing ration nutrient density or do they have higher levels of DMI? Slide15
Monitoring DMI
Use scales that work + moisture testerKnow what is fed, refused, consumedHow many cows are in the group?
Graph intake & milk productionCalculate “actual” versus “predicted” grain disappearance rate Slide16
What Nutrients Does A Cow Need?
WaterProteinCarbohydratesLipids/fatsMinerals
VitaminsEnergy???Slide17
Water
Nutrient required in the largest quantity per dayMilk is about 87% waterThe cow’s body is about 56 to 81% water (784 to 1134 lbs. for a 1400 lb. cow)Slide18
Predicted Daily Water Intake for Lactating Cows
Murphy et. al., 1983Slide19
Intakes of Other Animal GroupsSlide20
Is This Clean Water?Slide21
Would You Drink this Water?Slide22
Would You Drink this Water?Slide23
Nutrient
Definition:A dietary essential for one or more species of animalAll animals do not require the same nutrientsLaboratory analyses determines the nutrients we feed
Fiber vs ADF Ruminants have simpler dietary nutrient requirements because many are supplied by the rumen bugsSlide24
Nutrient Use and Efficiency
The first use of any nutrient is meet the maintenance requirement of the animalThis is a fixed cost related to body weight andSlide25Slide26
Energy
Not a nutrientObtained from several sourcesCarbohydrates - CHOFats - 2.25 times the energyProteins – Via deaminationSlide27Slide28
Net Energy Measures
Energy level in a feed or ration can be expressed in a variety of ways. TDN – Total digestible nutrientsNFE – Nitrogen free extract
Net Energy BasisNEM NEL
NEG
Expressed as Megacalories of Energy - McalsSlide29
Nutrient Categories
ProteinCarbohydratesLipids/FatsMineralsVitaminsWaterSlide30
Chemical Analysis SchemeSlide31
Protein is Required to:
Principle component of body tissues
Enhance feed intake and energy use
Enzymes
Supply N to the rumen microbes
Ammonia, Amino acids, Peptides
Supply amino acids for synthesis of:
Milk protein
Tissue protein
Enzymes, hormones etc. Slide32
Protein Terminology
Intake ProteinIP - What the cow eatsCrude Protein
Calculated from Nitrogen content of feedProteins are 16% N
Multiply N content of feed by 6.25 (100/16)
Measure of the total protein in a feed
Both true and NPN
Measured as a % of the dry matterSlide33
Protein Terminology
Rumen Degradable Protein Broken down in rumen and used by the rumen bugs
( RDP)Soluble Protein (SIP) is the portion of the RDP that is rapidly broken down in the rumen
Rumen
Undegradable
Protein
Not broken down in rumen
Also referred to as bypass protein
( RUP)Slide34
Protein Terminology
Microbial ProteinRefers to protein produced by the bugs in the rumen
Microbial protein is important because it supplies ~50% of cow’s total protein requirementMicrobial protein is much higher quality protein than the feed components from which it was produced
As a result you don't have to worry too much about the amino acid (AA) content of the diet or providing the essential AA in diet.
Rumen microbes use protein and degradable energy sources for the production of microbial proteinSlide35
Amino Acids
Essential and NonessentialNonessential - synthesized by body
Essential - 10 Essential AA’sNecessary for the animalMust come from diet
Not a concern in most ruminant diets because essential AA’s are synthesized by rumen bugs as microbial protein is produced
However in higher producing animals we see a response to adding certain essential AA’s such as lysine or methionineSlide36Slide37
Carbohydrates
Major source of energy for cattleMakes up more than 65% of DM in feeds
Broken down in rumen to VFA’s, methane, carbon dioxide and waterTwo typesStructural and Nonstructural
Tremendous differences in the speed with which structural and nonstructural breakdown in the rumen.
Structural Slow; Nonstructural - Rapid
Compatible combination important for good rumen digestionSlide38Slide39
Plant Carbohydrate Fractions
(Hall, 2003)Slide40
Carbohydrates
NFC Sugars, starch, pectin
Highly
Ruminally
Available
Effective
NDF
Physical NDF
Digestible
NDF
Microbial
Digestion
Stimulates
Chewing
Saliva secretion
:
80 gal/d 7 lb Na
bicarb
3 lb phosphate buffers
Buffering agents:
NH3, forage, protein
Acid Production
from VFAs
NDFiberSlide41
Carbohydrate Digestion Dynamics
, starch
(sugars)Slide42
Physical & Chemical Fiber Recommendations
Chemical NDF28-32% of ration DMMinimum ~25% (NRC, 2001)
1.2% of body weight as total NDF intake1350-lb BW x 0.012 = 16.2 lb NDF intake/dRealistic upper limit on NDF intake/day
Fermentability of NDF
Physical NDF
550-600 min of rumination/day
~60% of resting cows should be ruminating
Rumen pH >5.8
~5-8% >19 mm
Penn State PS
peNDF
>21% of DMSlide43
Fats
Also known as Ether ExtractHighest energy
per lbChemical structure
Fatty acids - Hydrocarbon chains
Glycerol
Majority absorbed in small intestines
Few converted to VFA’s
Too much fat in the diet inhibits rumen digestion of cellulose
Fatty Acids inhibit bacteria
Coats fiber to prevent breakdownSlide44
Feeding Fat
Fat is 225% the energy of CHO or protein Good way to boost the NEL of a diet
When physically can’t get anymore energy into the diet with grains and by products Low heat increment so it is good to add in hot weather
Inhibits fiber
digestion
Fats provide energy for the dairy cow but not the rumen bugs (rumen bugs need carbohydrate energy)Slide45
Minerals
Mineral required by dairy cattleCalcium for milk productionMineral supplements usually nearly 100 % DM
Minerals, vitamins and other additives take up space or DM in the ration Provide little or none of the major nutrients.
When balancing rations leave about 1 – 2 lb of space for these supplements.
i.e. If DMI is estimated to be 50lb/day, balance the ration to meet the NEL, CP, ADF, NDF, and NSC in 49 lb of DM leaving one pound for all the minerals and vitamins etc. that need to be addedSlide46
Macro Minerals
Grams/cow/dayCalciumPhosphorusPotassiumMagnesium
SulfurSodiumChlorideSlide47
Micro (trace) minerals
Milligrams/cow/dayIronZincManganeseCopper
CobaltIodineSeleniumSlide48
Vitamins
Water soluble - B's & CFat soluble - A,D,E & KBugs in the rumen
No requirement for any of the water soluble vitamins. The bugs manufacture their own B vitamins.Only supplement the A, D, & E
However as milk production increases we balance the ration for more feed to bypass digestion. We are finding that supplementation of niacin (B3) and others may have a positive affect on animal performance.Slide49
Summary