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Dairy Cattle Nutrition – The Basics Dairy Cattle Nutrition – The Basics

Dairy Cattle Nutrition – The Basics - PowerPoint Presentation

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Dairy Cattle Nutrition – The Basics - PPT Presentation

Dr L E Chase Department of Animal Science Cornell University Todays Dairy Cow The dairy cow is a marvel as a biological manufacturing plant The average New York dairy cow produced 20071 lbs of milk per lactation in 2009 ID: 592153

lbs protein cow milk protein lbs milk cow rumen energy water feed ration day dairy nutrient ndf production intake

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Slide1

Dairy Cattle Nutrition – The Basics

Dr. L. E. ChaseDepartment of Animal ScienceCornell UniversitySlide2

Today’s Dairy Cow

The dairy cow is a marvel as a biological manufacturing plantThe “average” New York dairy cow produced 20,071 lbs. of milk per lactation in 2009The “average” New York dairy cow produced 10,885 lbs. of milk per lactation in 1970

This is an 84% increase!Slide3

Today’s Dairy Cow - 2

We have a number of herds in NY with herd average milk production > 30,000 lbs/cowWhat is the biological limit to milk production?How can an individual cow in a herd produce > 200 lbs of milk per day when housed in a group fed a ration balanced for 85 lbs. of milk?Slide4

Current World Record - Holstein

Ever-Green-View My 1326-ET3x, 365 days = 72,170 lbs milkAverage = 198 lbs/day!Slide5

What About Jersey’s?

World record – 2007Mainstream Barkly Jubilee2x, 365 days = 49,250 lbs. milk4.6% fat, 3.3% milk true protein

Average of 135 lbs. milk/day!Was on supplemented rotational grazing for part of the recordSlide6

World Lifetime Milk Production Record Cow

8/2004 = 442,690 lbs milk

> 52,000 Gallons!!!!Slide7

Milk - - 100 lbs (13 lbs of dry matter) - 4.9 lbs. of lactose (sugar) - 3.6 lbs of milk fat - 3.1 lbs. of milk true protein

Manure - - 190 lbs of total manure - 60 – 70 lbs of urine - 120 -130 lbs fecal material

What Does a Cow Producing 100 lbs. of Milk Excrete/Day?Slide8

What Does a Cow producing 100 lbs. of Milk Need to Make Each Day?

7 – 8 lbs of glucose (sugar)

3 – 4 lbs. of microbial protein2 – 2.5 lbs of absorbed amino acidsSlide9

How Much Does This Cow Eat & Drink?

55 – 60 lbs. of feed dry matter intake - 120 – 130 lbs of wet feed - Assumes ration is 45% dry matterDrinks 30 – 35 gallons of waterSlide10

Why is DMI Important?

Must be a package size that the cow can be expected to consumeRelated directly to potential milk production, feed cost and

PROFITEssential if rations are formulated on a nutrient density basisCan’t do

problem solving without DMISlide11

What Controls DMI?

Ration Energy Content

Low

High

Intake

Energy

DMSlide12

Factors Affecting Dry Matter Intake

Cow Factors

Milk

Milk Solids

Size

Maturity

Days in Milk

Genetics

Transition Insults

Mastitis Status

Forage Factors

Maturity

Texture/Particle Distribution

Condition - mold

Condition - pH

Condition - fermentation

Environmental Factors

Air Quality - ventilation

Ambient Temperature

Relative Humidity

Haircoat Condition

Access to Feed

Social Overhead

Access to Stall

Manger/Bunk Surface

Stall Comfort

Lighting

bST

Ration Intended vs. Utilized*

Concentrate Factors

Complement with Forage

Texture

Condition - mold

Condition - freshness

People Factors

Who is responsible for every

other factor listed above?!Slide13

Factors Which Influence DMISlide14

High Producing Dairy Herds

Do they attain high levels of milk production by increasing ration nutrient density or do they have higher levels of DMI? Slide15

Monitoring DMI

Use scales that work + moisture testerKnow what is fed, refused, consumedHow many cows are in the group?

Graph intake & milk productionCalculate “actual” versus “predicted” grain disappearance rate Slide16

What Nutrients Does A Cow Need?

WaterProteinCarbohydratesLipids/fatsMinerals

VitaminsEnergy???Slide17

Water

Nutrient required in the largest quantity per dayMilk is about 87% waterThe cow’s body is about 56 to 81% water (784 to 1134 lbs. for a 1400 lb. cow)Slide18

Predicted Daily Water Intake for Lactating Cows

Murphy et. al., 1983Slide19

Intakes of Other Animal GroupsSlide20

Is This Clean Water?Slide21

Would You Drink this Water?Slide22

Would You Drink this Water?Slide23

Nutrient

Definition:A dietary essential for one or more species of animalAll animals do not require the same nutrientsLaboratory analyses determines the nutrients we feed

Fiber vs ADF Ruminants have simpler dietary nutrient requirements because many are supplied by the rumen bugsSlide24

Nutrient Use and Efficiency

The first use of any nutrient is meet the maintenance requirement of the animalThis is a fixed cost related to body weight andSlide25
Slide26

Energy

Not a nutrientObtained from several sourcesCarbohydrates - CHOFats - 2.25 times the energyProteins – Via deaminationSlide27
Slide28

Net Energy Measures

Energy level in a feed or ration can be expressed in a variety of ways. TDN – Total digestible nutrientsNFE – Nitrogen free extract

Net Energy BasisNEM NEL

NEG

Expressed as Megacalories of Energy - McalsSlide29

Nutrient Categories

ProteinCarbohydratesLipids/FatsMineralsVitaminsWaterSlide30

Chemical Analysis SchemeSlide31

Protein is Required to:

Principle component of body tissues

Enhance feed intake and energy use

Enzymes

Supply N to the rumen microbes

Ammonia, Amino acids, Peptides

Supply amino acids for synthesis of:

Milk protein

Tissue protein

Enzymes, hormones etc. Slide32

Protein Terminology

Intake ProteinIP - What the cow eatsCrude Protein

Calculated from Nitrogen content of feedProteins are 16% N

Multiply N content of feed by 6.25 (100/16)

Measure of the total protein in a feed

Both true and NPN

Measured as a % of the dry matterSlide33

Protein Terminology

Rumen Degradable Protein Broken down in rumen and used by the rumen bugs

( RDP)Soluble Protein (SIP) is the portion of the RDP that is rapidly broken down in the rumen

Rumen

Undegradable

Protein

Not broken down in rumen

Also referred to as bypass protein

( RUP)Slide34

Protein Terminology

Microbial ProteinRefers to protein produced by the bugs in the rumen

Microbial protein is important because it supplies ~50% of cow’s total protein requirementMicrobial protein is much higher quality protein than the feed components from which it was produced

As a result you don't have to worry too much about the amino acid (AA) content of the diet or providing the essential AA in diet.

Rumen microbes use protein and degradable energy sources for the production of microbial proteinSlide35

Amino Acids

Essential and NonessentialNonessential - synthesized by body

Essential - 10 Essential AA’sNecessary for the animalMust come from diet

Not a concern in most ruminant diets because essential AA’s are synthesized by rumen bugs as microbial protein is produced

However in higher producing animals we see a response to adding certain essential AA’s such as lysine or methionineSlide36
Slide37

Carbohydrates

Major source of energy for cattleMakes up more than 65% of DM in feeds

Broken down in rumen to VFA’s, methane, carbon dioxide and waterTwo typesStructural and Nonstructural

Tremendous differences in the speed with which structural and nonstructural breakdown in the rumen.

Structural Slow; Nonstructural - Rapid

Compatible combination important for good rumen digestionSlide38
Slide39

Plant Carbohydrate Fractions

(Hall, 2003)Slide40

Carbohydrates

NFC Sugars, starch, pectin

Highly

Ruminally

Available

Effective

NDF

Physical NDF

Digestible

NDF

Microbial

Digestion

Stimulates

Chewing

Saliva secretion

:

80 gal/d 7 lb Na

bicarb

3 lb phosphate buffers

Buffering agents:

NH3, forage, protein

Acid Production

from VFAs

NDFiberSlide41

Carbohydrate Digestion Dynamics

, starch

(sugars)Slide42

Physical & Chemical Fiber Recommendations

Chemical NDF28-32% of ration DMMinimum ~25% (NRC, 2001)

1.2% of body weight as total NDF intake1350-lb BW x 0.012 = 16.2 lb NDF intake/dRealistic upper limit on NDF intake/day

Fermentability of NDF

Physical NDF

550-600 min of rumination/day

~60% of resting cows should be ruminating

Rumen pH >5.8

~5-8% >19 mm

Penn State PS

peNDF

>21% of DMSlide43

Fats

Also known as Ether ExtractHighest energy

per lbChemical structure

Fatty acids - Hydrocarbon chains

Glycerol

Majority absorbed in small intestines

Few converted to VFA’s

Too much fat in the diet inhibits rumen digestion of cellulose

Fatty Acids inhibit bacteria

Coats fiber to prevent breakdownSlide44

Feeding Fat

Fat is 225% the energy of CHO or protein Good way to boost the NEL of a diet

When physically can’t get anymore energy into the diet with grains and by products Low heat increment so it is good to add in hot weather

Inhibits fiber

digestion

Fats provide energy for the dairy cow but not the rumen bugs (rumen bugs need carbohydrate energy)Slide45

Minerals

Mineral required by dairy cattleCalcium for milk productionMineral supplements usually nearly 100 % DM

Minerals, vitamins and other additives take up space or DM in the ration Provide little or none of the major nutrients.  

When balancing rations leave about 1 – 2 lb of space for these supplements.

i.e. If DMI is estimated to be 50lb/day, balance the ration to meet the NEL, CP, ADF, NDF, and NSC in 49 lb of DM leaving one pound for all the minerals and vitamins etc. that need to be addedSlide46

Macro Minerals

Grams/cow/dayCalciumPhosphorusPotassiumMagnesium

SulfurSodiumChlorideSlide47

Micro (trace) minerals

Milligrams/cow/dayIronZincManganeseCopper

CobaltIodineSeleniumSlide48

Vitamins

Water soluble -  B's & CFat soluble - A,D,E & KBugs in the rumen

No requirement for any of the water soluble vitamins. The bugs manufacture their own B vitamins.Only supplement the A, D, & E

However as milk production increases we balance the ration for more feed to bypass digestion. We are finding that supplementation of niacin (B3) and others may have a positive affect on animal performance.Slide49

Summary