Insect taxonomic diversity - PowerPoint Presentation

Slide1

Insect taxonomic diversity

BY: Jodi

GarretteSlide2

Insect orders

Ephemeroptera

Odonata

BlattariaIsopteraDermatpteraOrthopteraPhasmidaHemiptera

Coleoptera

Lepidoptera

Diptera

Siphonoptera

Hymenoptera

Mantodea

Plecoptera Slide3

Ephemeroptera

Damsel flies

H

ead

hypognathous to prognathous

eyes large

antennae shorter to longer than head

mouthparts mandibulate (chewing)  fore and hing wing pads develop on meso- and metanotum, respectively hind legs usually longer than forelegs abdomen 10-segmented  abdomen with paired lateral gills abdomen ending in 3 caudal filaments (= 2 lateral cerci and a terminal filament) Slide4

Odonata

Dragonflies

and DamselfliesAbdomen long and slender

Large

compound eyes

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ocelli Very small antennae Mandibulate mouthparts Two pairs of membranous wings of similar shape and sizeComplex wing venation with many cells Damselflies and dragonflies are very similar but can be separated by looking at their wings. In dragonflies the hind wings are slightly broader than the forewings and in damselflies both wings are more or less similar size. Wings are held horizontally to the body in dragonflies and vertically in damselflies when at restSlide5

BlaTTaria

Blattodea

roaches Cockroaches

eggs

usually contained in

ootheca

leathery forewings. male genitalia asymmetrical cerci variable, with one or more segments Slide6

Isoptera

Termites

Pale

, elongate body2 pairs of

membranous wings

of equal length. Wings are present in reproductive

castes only

and shed after matingManipulated (chewing) mouthpartsAntenna about the same length as the head Slide7

Dermatptera

Earwigs

Flattened

elongated body Heavily sclerotized pincer-like cerci..

Females have straight cerci with a inward pointing tip and males have curved cerci

2 pairs of wings. The forewings are short and protectively hardened. The hind wings are

membranous and

folded in a fan-like way underneath the forewings when not in use. Some species are also winglessChewing (mandibulate) mouthparts Moderately long antennaeSlide8

Orthoptera

Crickets,

katydids

, grasshoppers, etc.

Orthopterans have a generally cylindrical body, with hind legs elongated for

jumping.

They

have manipulate mouthparts and large compound eyes, and may or may not have oculi, depending on the species.The antennae have multiple joints, and are of variable length. The first and third segments of the thorax are enlarged, while the second segment is much shorter. They have two pairs of wings, which are held overlapping the abdomen at rest. The forewings, or terminal, are narrower than the hind wings and hardened at the base, while the hind wing is membranous, with straight veins and numerous cross-veins. At rest, the hind wings are held folded fan-like under the forewings. The final two to three segments of the abdomen are reduced, and have

single-segmented cerci.Slide9

phasmida

Stick Insects

Most

are wingless, but some have wings

Slow-moving

U

sually

large in overall sizeLong, thin antennaeIn stick insects, the legs are spaced out over a very long thoraxIn stick insects, the body is long, thin and cylindricalIn leaf insects (which are mainly tropical in distribution), the bodies are dorso ventrally flattened with leaf-like projections on body and legsHemi metamorphosis(egg — nymph — adult)Slide10

hemiptera

bugs, aphids and cicadas

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pairs of wings, although some species may be wingless and others have only forewings. Wings are generally membranous but in some species the forewings may be hardened at the basePiercing or sucking mouthparts appearing as a sharply pointed tube known as a proboscis or rostrum, which extends from the underside of the head

Compound eyes of various forms

Up to 3 ocelli present

Antennae vary and may be either short, or long and conspicuous

The young of helipterums look like small adults. Some bugs may be mistaken for beetles but can be distinguished by their mouthparts as beetles have mandibulate mouthparts while bugs have sucking/piercing mouthpartsSlide11

coleoptera

Beetles

2

pairs of wings. Forewings hardened, hind wings membranousMandibulate mouthparts which are designed for biting and chewing

Antennae present in a variety of forms

Compound eyes in a variety of sizes and shapeSlide12

lepidoptera

Moths and butterflies

2 pairs of membranous wings that are covered in tiny scales which overlap like shingles on a roof. A few moths are wingless

Large compound eye

One ocelli present above each eye

Antennae present. Antennae are long and slender in female moths and generally feathery in male moths. Butterflies have clubbed antennae

Mouthparts are formed into a sucking tube known as a haustellum

The larvae are typically known as caterpillars and have a sclerotised head with chewing (mandibulate)mouthparts, 3 pairs of thoracic legs and often short, unsegmented prolegs on the abdomen. Slide13

diptera

Flies and mosquitoes

One

pair of membranous wingsHind wings are reduced to small club like structures called halteres

. The

halteres

are used as

stabilisers during flightSucking mouthparts, sometimes adapted for piercing e.g. mosquitoeslarge compound eyesshort simple antennae, frilled or bushy in mosquitoes and crane fliesSlide14

siphonoptera

Fleas

Laterally compressed bodies Piercing-sucking mouthparts

Enlarged hind legs adapted for jumping

Strong tarsal claws adapted for holding onto their hosts

Backward pointing hairs and bristles for ease of movement through the hair of a host

Small antennae which tuck away into special groves in the headThe species Ctenocephalides felis (above) is the introduced cat flea but can survive on a wide range of host species. The larvae of all fleas appear grub-like and are usually found in the nests of their host or other areas where they commonly rest.Slide15

hymenoptera

Bees, ants and wasps

Two pairs of membranous wings, although some may be wingless such as some species of female wasps and the worker caste of ants

The forewings are larger than the hind wings and are held together by small hooks (see below)

Females usually have a hardened ovipositor, which may be modified for sawing, piercing or stinging

Most hymenopterans have a constriction between the first 2 segments of the abdomen, which is known as a 'wasp waist'

Chewing (mandibulate) mouthparts, although in some species such as bees the lower lip is modified to form a tongueCompound eyes, usually large The larvae of hymenopterans lack many of the above external features. They vary in body shape and size depending on the species. Some display a distinct head, a thorax with 3 pairs of legs and an abdomen, although most are grub-like with no legs. Slide16

mantodea

Praying mantis

Elongated body

Raptorial front legs with one or two rows of spines 2 pairs of wings, both of which are used in flight. Although some species have reduced wings and others are wingless

Forewings protectively hardened to cover the

membranous

hind wings when at rest Very mobile triangular shaped head with distinctive ocelliLarge compound eyes Short to medium sized filiform antennae The males of most species are fully winged while many females have either reduced wings or no wings at all. The nymphs of praying mantis look like small adults but lack wings or have developing wing buds. Some species of Neuropterans in the family Mantispidae, like the one pictured below can be mistaken for praying mantis as they also have raptorial front legs, however further examination reveals they do not have the hardened forewings present in Mantodea. Slide17

Plecoptera

Stone flies

Elongated, flattened, soft body

2 pairs of

membranous

wings that are held curved around the body at rest. Some species are wingless while others have reduced wings

Hind wings slightly wider than forewings

Long legs Mandibulate mouthparts 2 cerci at tip of abdomen The larvae of stoneflies are aquatic and appear similar to the adults but lack wings. Larvae also possess external gills along the edge of their abdomens and at the tip.Slide18

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