The Growth of Towns amp Cities What does Urbanisation Mean Until about 200 years ago most people lived a rural life They lived and worked the land in the countryside However during the Industrial Revolution many people moved off the land and ID: 436301
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Slide1
Urbanisation
The Growth of Towns & CitiesSlide2Slide3Slide4Slide5
What does Urbanisation Mean?
Until about 200 years ago, most people lived a rural life. They lived and worked
the land in the countryside.
However, during the Industrial Revolution many people moved off the land and
into growing towns and cities. Factories became important places of
employment, so people moved to cities in search of work.
This led to a huge growth in the size and number of towns and cities.
This growth in the size and number of cities is called Urbanisation.
Urbanisation is continuing throughout the world. New cities are growing all the
time as more and more people leave their rural lives behind and move into
cities in search of work.
In essence, a
rural to urban shift
is taking place.Slide6Slide7
The Growth of
Dublin over time
Like all cities throughout the world, Dublin has grown over a long period of time. Slide8
The Growth of Dublin
Viking Dublin
Dublin began as a Viking settlement. Like many other Viking settlements,
Dublin was an ideal place at the mouth of a river. From here the Vikings could
trade.
The Anglo-Normans
The Normans occupied Dublin in 1169. They built stone walls around the city.
Dublin became a Medieval city with narrow streets. Poor sanitation caused
many deaths.
The 16
th
-18
th
Centuries
Dublin was extended and many new streets were added in a grid-iron pattern.
Parks like St. Stephen’s Green were made and Georgian Houses were built.Slide9
Georgian HousesSlide10
The Growth of Dublin
The 19
th
Century
After 1800 many of the wealthy people who lived in the Georgian houses left
Dublin. Landlords bought these tenements and rented rooms to families. There
was huge overcrowding in these tenement buildings and poverty and disease
were widespread. The Dublin docklands became an important source of work.
Dublin became a distribution centre. Goods were distributed throughout Ireland
along the canal and railway lines
.Slide11
The 20
th
Century
Dublin has grown since gaining independence in 1922 for the following
reasons;
High birth rates
Inward migration from the rest of Ireland.
During the Celtic tiger years it became the most important economic
region in the country, with many MNCs locating there. For example
Microsoft and Google
Dublin grew rapidly in the 20
th
century. The inner city slums were cleared
And people moved out to new suburbs like
Ballyfermot
,
Crumlin
, and
Finglas
. Newer suburbs were then developed around the villages of
Clondalkin
, Lucan and
Tallaght
. Slide12
Functional Zones in Cities
If we look at the pattern of most cities in the world, we can see that
there
are a number of different zones.
Each of these zones has a different function or use.
The following zones can be seen in most cities;
1. A Central Business District (CBD)
2. Some smaller shopping areas
3. A number of shopping centres
4. Industrial areas
5. Open space for recreation / leisure. Slide13
The Central Business District (CBD)
The centre of every city has a CBD.
This is where the big banks, office buildings, and department stores
are
. These buildings are usually multi-storeyed buildings.
Q. Where is the CBD in Dublin?
Slide14
Some Smaller Shopping Areas
Around the outskirts of the city there will be small little village centres
where
people can do their day-to-day shopping.
These small areas allow people to access of all the services they need
without
having to go into the city centre.
Q.
Clondalkin
village is an example of a small shopping area. Can you think of any others?
Q. What services are available for people in
Clondalkin
village?Slide15
Shopping Centres
In
most of the suburbs of Dublin city there are shopping centres.
Q. Can you name any?
Blanchardstown
Shopping Centre –
Blanchardstown
The Square –
Tallaght
Dundrum
Shopping Centre –
Dundrum
Liffey
Valley –
Clondalkin
/LucanSlide16
Industrial Areas
Since the Industrial Revolution, cities have been important industrial areas.
Many
goods are manufactured in the factories of these cities.
For e.g., Detroit, Michigan is nicknamed Motor City because it is where many
American
car companies built their cars.
Port cities often have industries such as oil refining (Rotterdam), or chemical
factories
(Cork).
There are many industrial estates in the suburbs around the cities.
Footloose
industries
are attracted to these areas.
Q. Can you name any industrial estates/technology parks around Dublin?Slide17
Space for Recreation/Leisure
All cities need space for children to play and for people to relax and
enjoy
the outdoors.
Dublin has parks like the Phoenix Park and St Stephen’s Green. There
are
also many parks in the suburban areas surrounding Dublin.
Q.
Can
you name any others?
Q. Can you think of any other areas/places that are used for leisure and recreation?Slide18
Functional Zones in Cities
Fig.9.2 shows some of the main
zones
which can be found in most
cities
around the world.Slide19
Case study
ParisSlide20
Paris
Primate city 11million
(Lyon 2.5 million)
World ranking
(New York, Tokyo & London)Slide21
Functional zonesSlide22
CBD
CBD has;
- Shopping
- Business HQ
- Stock exchange (Paris
Bourse)Slide23
Government offices
The MetroSlide24
Large shopping areas
Paris is a shoppers
paradise.
It’s a world fashion centre.
CBD has
Galerie
Lafayette
and
Printemps
.
The Champs
Elysee
is a
major shopping area.
Smaller shopping areas
As Paris grew it absorbed
smaller towns and villages.
These became suburbs,
which now has it’s own
smaller shopping areas.
Supermarkets such as
Carrefour and champion are
found in many districtsSlide25
Industrial areas
Fashion industry – banks of
the Seine.
Jewellery & Perfume – city
Painting & publishing – in
the Latin quarter near the
Sorbonne.
Modern industries (
eg
aerospace & defence) in
industrial parks
Open spaces
Tree lined banks of the
Seine.
City centre parks are open
to the public –
Jardin
de
Luxembourg & Champs de
Mars. Slide26
Residential
Many Parisians live in apartment blocks due
to high population densities.
The city has affluent, middle class and
working class areas.
Many also commute in from Satellite towns
which have great amenities.Slide27
Land
values
in Cities
Land gets less valuable as you move out from the CBD.
Buildings get smaller as you move out from the CBD.Slide28
Land
values
in Cities
Land is very valuable in the city centre. It is very expensive to buy a site to build on. Therefore most buildings in the city centre are multi-storey buildings. Rents are high for retailers in the city centre, but they have many customers and so they can afford these rents.
Q. What type of retailers set up in city centre locations?
In
the suburbs there is much more land available. Most buildings are one or two storeys high.
Q. What type of retailers set up in suburban areas?Slide29
Residential Accommodation in our Cities
The quality age and type of residential accommodation vary significantly within
cities.
Q. Make a list of all the different types of buildings people live in.
Apartments
Flats
Semi-Detached Houses
Detached Houses
Terraced Houses
Bungalows
Georgian Houses
Q. Where are you most likely to find each type of house, the city or the suburbs?Slide30
Residential accommodation
Age
City centres expand
outwards therefore the
houses built closest to the
centre tend to be the oldest
with suburbs having the
newest accommodation.
City centre residences often
have housing styles which
belong to earlier centuries
for example Georgian style
Type
Council apartment blocks
Streets of terraced housing
Expensive town houses
Large housing estates of
semi-detached homes
Luxury homes (sea views)
High quality apartment
blocks.Slide31
Quality of residential accommodation
Home size
In the past two up two down
terraced houses were common in
cities.
Terraced houses have been
modernised.
With increased wealth in Ireland
has come increased house sizes.
Most people now live in at least 3
Bedroom homes.
Materials used
Due to increased fuel prices home
insulation has become
increasingly important.
Modern homes have double
glazing, attic and wall insulation
and efficient boilers.Slide32
Commuting to work in Cities
Many people work in shops and offices in the city centre.
However, many of these people live in the suburbs surrounding the city.
Many more people live further away in the counties surrounding Dublin.
These people must travel (commute) to work each day.
People who travel to work are called commuters.
Q. How do these people get to work?
Q. Can you think of any problems commuting can create?Slide33
Commuting to work
The table below shows the different methods of transport used by Dublin
commuters.
Mode of Transport
Percentage %
Buses 29%
Cars/Vans/trucks 46%
Bikes 3%
Motorbikes 1%
Walking 9%
Train 12%
Q
. Which method of transport do most people use?
Q. What problems could this cause?
Q. What could be done to encourage more people to commute on their bikes?Slide34Slide35
Rush-hour Traffic
Q. What does rush-hour traffic mean?
Q. At what times does rush-hour traffic occur?
Q. Why do you think it occurs at this time?
Q. Can you think of any ways to solve this problem?Slide36
Traffic Congestion
Q. Travel time to the city centre has increased in recent years. True or False?
Q. Why do you think this is?Slide37
Solutions to Traffic Congestion
It has been proved in cities all over the world that building more roads
does
not solve the problem of traffic congestion in cities.
The best way to solve the problem is by encouraging people to use
public
transport
.
Many cities charge congestion charges to discourage motorists from
entering the city centre. For example in London cars entering the
congestion zone between 7am and 6pm are charged a fee.
Q. What is public transport?
Q. What types of public transport exist?
Q. What types of public transport do we have in Dublin?
Slide38
Public transport in Dublin
Huge amounts of money have been spent in
recent years upgrading Dublin’s public
transport.
A metro is planned from the city centre north
to the airport and onward to Swords. This is
likely to be build in the next few years.Slide39
Buses
Buses can carry up to 80 people.
If more people used buses it would take many cars off the roads each
day
.
They can get to the city centre much quicker than cars because they
can
use Quality Bus Corridors (QBC’s).
There has been a big increase in the number of QBC’s in Dublin in
recent
years. Slide40
Light Rail
The DART is an example of
a
light rail system.
It is a very successful
network
. Many people travel
to
work each day using the
DART
.
The DART line runs through
many
areas along the
coastline
of Dublin
.
DART= Dublin Area Rapid
TransportSlide41
The Luas
The
Luas
is a Tram system.
This type of public transport is
very
popular in many European
cities
.
It is a fast and efficient method
of
transport.
Dublin’s
Luas
has been
extremely
popular with
commuters
.
Q. Looking at Fig.9.8, can you identify any problem with the current
Luas
network?Slide42
Urban Problems
Cities can be great places to live. There are lots of activities to do.
Q. List some things which can be done in the city and not in rural areas.
However, there are many problems to be found in cities.
Q. Can you list some problems which may exist in cities?
A number of important problems exist. These are;
1. Zones of Decline
2. Unemployment
3. Crime
4. Community disruptionSlide43
Urban Problems
Zones of Decline
Many places in the city centre are derelict sites. While many have been
redeveloped in recent years, there are still many run down buildings. These
buildings may be occupied by homeless people and drug addicts.
Unemployment
In the past there were many jobs available in city centres in small factories.
However, most of these factories have moved out to industrial estates in the
suburbs. Most jobs in the city centre are now skilled jobs requiring university
level education. In 2002, only 62% of children in Dublin city sat the Leaving
Certificate. Therefore many of them cannot find work in the city.Slide44
Urban Problems
Crime
Crime is a big problem in many
inner city areas. A lot of crime is
drug related.
People steal money and goods
from shops and people to pay for
their drugs.
The highest crime figures in Ireland
are in Dublin city centre.
Q. Why do you think this is?
Q. What could be done to try to solve this problem?Slide45
Urban Problems
Community Disruption
Since the 1960’s many people born in the city centre have had to move
to the new growing suburbs such as
Ballymun
,
Tallaght
, and
Clondalkin
.
This has left some young people disconnected from their families who
remain in the city centre. This can leave people feeling isolated.
Urban sprawl
Sprawl is the uncontrolled spread of the city into the surrounding
countryside.
While it allows for families to have back and front gardens it has problems.
It invades the countryside and disrupts and diminishes habitats.
It leads to long daily commuter journeys.
It causes spread of the concrete jungle over large areas.Slide46
Improving Urban Areas
In many countries, governments have attempted to improve urban
areas
.
There are two main ways to do this. They are;
Inner-city renewal and redevelopment.
The planning of new towns.Slide47
Urban Renewal and Redevelopment
Urban Renewal
This means knocking down old houses/flats and building new places for
people to live.
Urban Redevelopment
This means knocking down old houses/flats and buildings shops,
offices, restaurants or car parks.
Q. Can you name any place in Dublin where urban renewal has occurred?
Q. Can you name any place in Dublin where urban redevelopment has occurred?Slide48
The Planning of New Towns
Tallaght
Town
Tallaght
was chosen as a location for a new town in the 1960’s.
It has developed into an important residential, commercial and
industrial
area
.
It now has many facilities including a hospital, shopping centre, the
county
library,
Tallaght
IT, and many industrial estates
.
It is connected to the city centre by the
Luas
.
Tallaght
is continuously growing and it will soon become a city in its
own
right. Slide49
The Planning of New TownsSlide50Slide51
The Planning of New Towns
Adamstown
Adamstown is the latest new town to be built in Ireland.
It is the result of a completely new way of planning in Ireland.
The 10,000 houses/apartments are high-density developments.
There is a railway station giving direct access to the city centre.
Schools, shops, and leisure facilities have been built for the people. Slide52Slide53
Urbanisation in the Developing World
Urbanisation is happening rapidly in many parts of the developing world.
People are being ‘pushed’ from rural areas and ‘pulled’ toward the cities.
Every year more and more people arrive to these growing cities in search of a
better
life for themselves and their children.
However, this rapid urbanisation is causing many problems.
Q. Can you think of any problems that are occurring in cities in the developing world? Slide54
Urban renewal
Fatima mansions in Dolphin’s Barn
Problems
Lone parents = 44% of households
38% of population under 15.
Educational disadvantage – 61% of adults had no formal
education.
Unemployment was at 39% in 2005 (8xnat. Average.
High levels of ill health, school drop out and drug abuseSlide55
Renewal of the area
Fatima regeneration
board and the local
community planned the
future development.
In 2005 demolition began, by 2006 600
households were living in new socially
mixed homes.Slide56Slide57
Cities in the Developing World
Cities in the developing world are
different
to cities in rich countries.
In the CBD there are expensive
shops
, restaurants, and high-quality
houses
and apartments. The rich
people
live here.
As you move away from the CBD
the
quality of the houses
decreases
.
At the edge of the city are the
shanty
towns
. This is where the
poorest
people live. Slide58Slide59
Life in the Shanty Towns
The houses in the shanty towns are built by the people themselves. They are
usually
made with pieces of wood, plastic, and metal sheeting.
The people are extremely poor. They have poor sanitation and little access to
medical
care. Slide60
Revision Questions - Urbanisation
Define the term Urbanisation.
Define the term ‘rural to urban shift’.
List 5 functional zones found in most cities.
What is the CBD? Explain what type of buildings are in a CBD and why.
Explain how land is used as you move from the CBD to the edge of a city.
What is a commuter?
Explain in detail why commuting in the Greater Dublin Region is a problem.
What does the term ‘rush hour’ mean?
Explain what traffic congestion is. Why is traffic congestion a problem?
Explain 3 ways that the government have tried to reduce traffic congestion in Dublin.
Define the terms ‘Urban Renewal’ and ‘Urban Redevelopment’.
Make a list of push and pull factors for urbanisation in the developing world.
What is a Shanty Town?
Describe in detail what is meant by the term ‘Social Capital’.