Dennis Mailu SocioEcological Systems environment development and sustainability UCL 7 th April 2016 Urban ecosystem services Urbanization By 2050 that every two in three persons will live in urban areas ID: 552546
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A critical assessment of governance of urban ecosystem services in developing countries: A case study of Kibera informal settlement Nairobi, Kenya.
Dennis Mailu
Socio-Ecological Systems: environment, development and
sustainability, UCL 7
th
April 2016Slide2
Urban ecosystem servicesUrbanization- By 2050 that every two in three persons will live in urban areas (UN, 2010).Fastest urban growth rates -in least developed and developing countries.
Urban and rural populations by development group, 1950-2050
(UN, 2011)
. Slide3
Ecosystem services ‘Conditions and processes through which natural ecosystems sustain and fulfill human life’ (Daily et al. (2007).Slide4
Ecosystem governance“Good” governance- participation, accountability, empowerment and social justice (Lebel et al., 2006)-complex!“Institutions”-structures that make up for social interactions
(Boyd and Folke, 2011).
Adaptive governance- uncertainty, change and disturbance (Folke et al.,2005) Slide5
Participatory- Beyond the panaceas: Human and Environmental relations (Ostrom et al., 2007) Slide6
Collective action- “governance without government”(Ostrom,1990; Ostrom et al., 2007;Young et al., 1997)Slide7
Place attachment Place attachment is “the emotional bonds between people and a particular place or environment” (Manzo & Devine-Wright, 2014; Lewicka, 2011).Place attachment has a direct link in ecosystem governance, especially in pro-environmental behaviour (Stedman, 2002).Slide8
“It is about how you think, feel and behave in a particular place.. Can be about connection, rootedness and aesthetic appreciation of a particular geographical setting/ cultural landscape” Jorgensen and Steadman (2006:316)Development context..Slide9
Case study: Kibera slums, NairobiMap of Kenya and Nairobi slums
Slide10
Colonial Nairobi...Slide11
Post- Colonial Nairobi...Slide12
Urban ecosystem services: WaterFreshwater provisioning service-domestic, irrigation, power generation and transportation.
Hydrological cycle- water ecosystems (rivers, lakes, wetlands.
(MEA, 2005, Rockstrom et al., 2014)
Water as a lens- novelty, context
(Mafuta et al.,2011)Slide13
Challenges Water scarcity, provisioning and access (Engel et al., 2011). Poor water quality/sanitation (NCWSC, 2014).
History and urban planning (Nevanlinna, 1996; Akumu, 2006). Slide14
Cities and informal settlements (UN-HABITAT,2003)Characteristics- lack of basic amenities, social exclusion, tenure issues-multidimensional.Failure of governance- Failures of housing, laws, delivery systems and policies.
Institutional and legal failure-Lack of public services, waste collection. Notion- exclusion from “regular society”- lack of social capital, patronage, contacts, empowerment. Slide15
What is Kibera?Largest African Urban slum-13 villagesPopulation-unconfirmed!- multicultural
Kibera villages
(mapkiberaproject;maps of net)
Slide16
Research GapsLimited research of ecosystem services in poor urban areas (Waters, 2013).Poverty reduction, ecosystem services and development thinking (Biggs et al., 2004; Kosmus et al., 2012).
Few studies on influence of actor groups and stakeholders in governance to maintain ecosystem services in urban areas
(Ernston et al., 2010). Slide17
Research QuestionsDetermine how ecosystem services (water) are understood by various users and governance actors.Identify how the urban poor benefit from and value ecosystems services (water).
Explore the role of various actors in collective governance of ecosystem services (water) for resilience.Slide18
MethodologyQualitative research-narratives and complexities(Andersson,2014; Denzin & Lincoln, 2005;Stiles,1999).Key elite interviews (n=25)
Community interviews(n=37)Focus groups(n=10)
Two stages: November- January 2014 & December-February 2015Slide19
Community selection
Makina
Laini
Saba
-Oldest settlement-Nubian, middle of Kibera.
-Inherited settlement- livelihood and governance system (DC)
-Majority religion: Islam
-Majority landlords
-Politically connected.
-Housing partially planned
-Piped water
-Insecurity low
-On flat land
-Population- approx. 300,000
-Cosmopolitan, vibrant businesses (like Soweto East).
-Start of upgrading process.
-Fairly old settlement
-Sewer present.
-Has more community based organization, water conscious
-Benefit from proximity to AMREF, Ngumo residences and golf course
-Population approx. 60,000Slide20
Link:Question,method and analysis Aim
Subset of questions
Method used
Data analysis
Identify how the urban poor benefit from and value ecosystem services (water).
-
What are services?
-How are they benefiting community?
-What is the importance of the services?
-Value, and meanings and relationships
Focus groups, Semi structured interviews (and participatory community mapping).
Transect walks
Qualitative analysis by use of N-vivo software.Slide21
Results and discussionEcosystem service importance, benefits and values to urban poor.
Male Focus group, Makina Slide22
Livelihood and practices Slide23Slide24
Waste and sanitation issues Slide25Slide26Slide27
Water uses, gender and valuesMen- cooking and drinking Women- emphasis on cleanliness“ First I will drink water then cook…I won’t worry about bathing first. A little dirt never killed anyone… A lot of people here stay a week without bathing.”
- Focus group 4, 26th February 2014.
“ Women have to be clean .. I will bath even though I have to use the water amount equivalent to a jug…Sometimes I do a passport bath.”
- Focus group 8, 4
th
March 2014.Slide28
Low value on cultural ecosystem services.“ As it is known in some places people take metered water and water flowers for beauty, here in Kibera there is no one with flowers.…its basically drinking, cooking and bathing…!Nothing other than that.”-Focus group 2, 25th February 2014.
Social norms-water collection
“ It is the responsibility of the woman to fetch water, if you don’t have a wife the man will do it after work” -
Laini Saba youth
female
.
Slide29Slide30
Attribute benefits to the NGO’s input“ Maji na Ufanisi is one of the first ones to bring the water pipes, Umande with toilets. The government had a slumupgrading initiative which they started with toilets but did not complete it.” – Laini Saba mature male
Slide31
NGO key role- conflict resolution, monitoring and interventions.NGOs play a big part in the management of water.Capacity building and informal networks
“ Government must assume the responsibility with the
Ministry of E
nvironment
and
N
atural
Resources as well as NEMA, department of public health, the community with their structures in place, then we are the
secondary duty bearers like ourselves to compliment the work- Pamoja trust Slide32
Cartel Influence “ Its been 5 years since I last saw water flow through my pipes…I blame the cartel,…they block our lines because they know the ‘sweetness’ of making money from water” - Focus group 2, 25th February 2014.Slide33
Water pricingTension between formal and informal institutions-Community pays the price! “They are supposed to sell the water at Ksh. 2…but they sell it at Ksh. 5, which is very expensive, and sometimes it can even rise to Ksh. 10...Price fluctuates because of the rationing…Express line is Ksh. 20”- Focus group 2, 25
th February 2014. Slide34
Collective action: Ushirika wa Usafi and KENSUP, Laini Saba Slide35
NGO- Maji na ufanisiInfluencing resilience, governance, knowledge management Provide commercial toilets and bathing services as well as solid waste management for Laini Saba residents. Slide36
National Youth Service (NYS) and Kibera Slum Upgrade Initiative Construct toilets, showers and gabions, as well as clean up the raw sewage and garbage in the settlement. Building a sense of ownership, belonging and employmrnt among the local community, the project also creates employment. Combining knowledge about social and ecological dimensions can enhance the effectiveness of adaptive institutions
(Boyd & Folke, 2011). Slide37Slide38
Institutions
Collaboration/Buffering/Preparing Slide39
Policies and plans: Feedback and monitoring
“
Eliminating of slums, of which Kibera gives the Nairobi region an infamous image as host to largest African slum is critical to these strategies
”-
Nairobi Metro 2030, page 76.Slide40
Adaptive capacity? Slide41
ConclusionsWater is a crucial ecosystem service to human well being, especially in Kibera.
Place is crucial in pro-environmental behaiour
Building knowledge, community empowerment and cross scale interactions is key for
community resilience
.
NGO involvement is crucial in brokerage of institutions and networks in informal settlements.
Slide42
References Adger, W. N. (2000) ‘Social and ecological resilience: are they related?’ Progress in Human Geography 24(3): 347-364. Aldunce, P., Beilin, R., Howden, M., & Handmer, J. (2015) ‘Resilience for disaster risk management in a changing climate: Practitioners’ frames and practices.’
Global Environmental Change 30: 1-11
Boyd. E., and Folke. C., Adapting Institutions: Governance, Complexity and Social-Ecological Resilience
, Cambridge university press
Folke, C., Hahn, T., Olsson, P., and Noberg, J.,2005, Adaptive governance of social- ecological systems,
The Annual Review of Environment and Resources
30:441–73
.
Hay, R. (1998) Sense of place in development context, in Journal of Encironmental Psychology, vol.18Jorgensen, B. and Steadman, R. (2006), A comparative analysis of predictors f sense of place dimensions: Attachment to , dependence on, and identification of lake shore properties , Journal of Environmental Management, vol 79, pp.316-327
Lebel, L., Andries, J., Campbell, B., Folke, C., Dodds, S., Hughes, T. and Wilson, J., 2005, ‘Governance and the capacity to manage resilience in regional social-ecological systems’,
Ecology and Society
, Vol. 10
Slide43
Mafuta, C., et al., (2011), Green Hills, Blue Cities: An Ecosystems Approach to Water Resources Management for African Cities, A Rapid Response Assessment. United Nations Environment Programme, GRID- Arendal.Millennium Ecosystem Assessment 2005Ministry of Nairobi metropolitan development 2013, Nairobi Metro 2030 strategy, Accessed online at
www.nairobimetro.go.keOstrom, E., Janssen, M., and Anderies, M., 2007, Going beyond panaceas, Proceedings of the National academy of Sciences of United states of America Vol. 104, No.39.
Ostrom, E.,1990, Governing the commons: The evolution of institutions for collective action
, Cambridge university press.
Rockstrom et. al, 2014,
Water resilience for Human Prosperity
, Cambridge university press.
Young, O.R., 1997,
Global Governance: drawing insights from the environmental experience, Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.Slide44
THANK YOU!
Email:d.m.mailu@pgr.reading.ac.uk