American Government and Politics: Deliberation, Democracy, - PowerPoint Presentation

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American Government and Politics: Deliberation, Democracy, and Citizenship

Chapter Nineteen

National Security and Foreign PolicySlide2

Chapter Nineteen: Learning ObjectivesSketch the history of foreign policy and its relationship to citizenship

Describe the conflicting traditions of American foreign policySlide3

Chapter Nineteen: Learning ObjectivesLay out the organizations that develop and execute foreign policy

Analyze the political struggle for control of foreign policy

Discuss how policymakers and citizens deliberate on foreign policySlide4

IntroductionForeign policy is

Defense against immediate threatsAdvancing democracy, economic freedom, and human rights

Foreign policy requires deliberation and long-term planning.Slide5

A Brief History of U.S. Foreign and Defense PoliciesFounding to the twentieth century

Isolationism

Monroe Doctrine

Post Civil War America expanded activities in Latin America and AsiaSlide6

A Brief History of U.S. Foreign and Defense PoliciesWorld Wars and the Cold War

World Wars I and II

Policy of containment

and the

Cold War

National Security Act of 1947Slide7

A Brief History of U.S. Foreign and Defense PoliciesIraq and terror

Military action against Iraq in 1990s and 2000s

September 11, 2001 terror attacks

Afghanistan and al QaedaSlide8

Conflicting Traditions in National SecurityWhat competing ideas and sentiments influence American foreign policy?

What is the role of citizen deliberation in American foreign policy?Slide9

Conflicting Traditions in National Security:Moralism versus Pragmatism

Moralism

American exceptionalism encompasses two ideas of moralism

Desire to defend nation’s way of life

Desire to remake the worldSlide10

Conflicting Traditions in National Security:Moralism versus Pragmatism

Pragmatism

Practical focus on costs and benefits of action

Throughout history, some presidents have avoided fighting “righteous fights” that the nation was unprepared to fightSlide11

International PerspectivesViews of U.S. influence

According to public opinion research, many foreign nations believe the United States has a negative influence on global affairs and that American foreign policy does not consider the interests of other nations.Slide12

Conflicting Traditions in National Security:Openness versus Secrecy

Openness in foreign policy allows more people to participate in deliberations.

Secrecy is also necessary in some circumstances, especially when engaging in

covert operations

.Slide13

Pledges and PromisesSecrecy

Oaths are one way to protect secrets related to national security and foreign policy.Slide14

Conflicting Traditions in National Security:Unilateralism versus Multilateralism

Unilateralism was prevalent through the early twentieth century.

Multilateralism

became prevalent because of World War II and its aftermath

.Slide15

Organization and Coordination in the Executive BranchWho makes foreign policy, and how do they organize their deliberations?

Do you believe that there is one actor that may be more important than other actors in foreign policy?Slide16

Organization and Coordination in the Executive Branch: The PresidentRole of the president

Key figure in foreign policy

War Powers Resolution

to limit war making

Uses treaty power and appointment power to influence foreign and defense policySlide17

Organization and Coordination in the Executive Branch: National Security CouncilThe National Security Council

Created in 1947

NSC meetings allow deliberation among several political actors

National Security Adviser

runs the NSCSlide18

Organization and Coordination in the Executive Branch: Departments, AgenciesCivilian departments and agencies

State Department involved in foreign policy

Commerce, Treasury, and Agriculture departments also involved in international economic policySlide19

Organization and Coordination in the Executive Branch: The MilitaryThe military

Department of Defense oversees military

Since 1972, military has been all volunteer forces

National Guard and Reservists may also be called to national dutySlide20

Organization and Coordination in the Executive Branch: Intelligence The intelligence community

Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)

National Security Agency (NSA)

National Reconnaissance Office (NRO)

Intelligence important for deliberationSlide21

Congress, Courts, Interest Groups, and Public OpinionHow should Congress, the courts, interest groups, and public opinion influence decisions on foreign policy and national security?

Kenneth Lambert, File/AP PhotoSlide22

Congress, Courts, Interest Groups, and Public Opinion: CongressCongressional influence

Budgetary power

Appointment power

Treaty power

Are there issues with congressional deliberation?Slide23

Congress, Courts, Interest Groups, and Public Opinion: CourtsInfluence of the courts

Courts sometime hesitant about foreign policy

1952 Youngstown case

1971 “Pentagon Papers” case

Two special courts deal with intelligence issuesSlide24

Congress, Courts, Interest Groups, and Public Opinion: Interest GroupsInterest group influence

Business groups

Ethnic groups

Humanitarian groups

Mandel Ngan AFP/Getty ImagesSlide25

Congress, Courts, Interest Groups, and Public Opinion: Public OpinionInfluence of public opinion and the media

Secrecy hinders public deliberation

Foreign policy opinions reflect partisan polarization

Media used to reach large audienceSlide26

Congress, Courts, Interest Groups, and Public Opinion: Public OpinionSlide27

Foreign Policy, National Security, and Deliberative DemocracyWhy do Americans lack foreign policy knowledge?

The way world history is taught in schools

Popular culture lacks foreign representation

Americans are lacking in language skillsSlide28

Myths and MisinformationThe public and foreign policy

STAFF SGT ANTONIETA RICO/ASSOCIATED PRESS

Many Americans do not understand world politics which may affect foreign policy preferences.Slide29

Deliberation, Citizenship, and YouStudy abroad

Students are encouraged to participate in study abroad programs to increase their knowledge about international issues and improve deliberation.Slide30

SummaryUnited States grown to be great power

Conflicting ideas influence decisions

Presidents lead foreign policy

Other political actors attempt to influence foreign policy