q uestions and potential answers to those questions Revision topics chosen by your teachers Physiology Cardiac cycle with conduction system Oxyhaemoglobin dissociation curve Skill Open and closed loop control ID: 725174
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Slide1
AS Revision - 2
Based on previous
q
uestions, and
potential answers to those questionsSlide2
Revision topics – chosen by your teachers
Physiology:
Cardiac cycle with conduction system
Oxyhaemoglobin dissociation curve
Skill:
Open and closed loop control
Learning Theories
Opportunities for Participation:
Factors affecting a pupils experience of school sports
Inequality in sportSlide3
Typical question – cardiac cycle
May 11Qu 2
(a) (ii) Explain how the heart controls the rate at which it beats.
(4 marks)Slide4
4
Heart beat
The chambers of the heart can
Contraction is called
Relaxation is called
The atria and ventricles contract at different times during a single beat –
contract and relax
systole
diastole
a cardiac cycleSlide5
5
Cardiac cycle -
order of contraction
Atrial systole
Diastole
Ventricular systoleSlide6
6
The Heart Beat (cardiac cycle)
Intrinsic -
Spreads through atria –
Picked up by
Descends to tip of ventricle -
Purkinje fibres –
from within atria - SAN
atrial systole
AVN
bundle of His
ventricular systoleSlide7
Typical Question
Jun 07
Qu
4
During a demanding practice session, carbon dioxide is transported by the blood.
(c)(
i
) State two ways in which carbon dioxide is transported by the blood.
(2 marks)
May 10 Qu 2(a) (ii) Explain how oxygen is taken up by haemoglobin from the lungs and released at the muscle site. (3 marks)Slide8
8
Carbon dioxide in blood
5% dissolves in
20% combines with
75% combines with water forming
plasma
haemoglobin
bicarbonate (hydrogen carbonate) ionSlide9
9
Transport of oxygen in blood
Oxygen combines with
Forms
When lots of oxygen available – all haemoglobin carries oxygen –
When not much oxygen around – oxyhaemoglobin splits –
haemoglobin
oxyhaemoglobin
haemoglobin fully saturated
releasing oxygen into musclesSlide10
10
Forming oxyhaemoglobin
In lungs – lots of
–
Hb
becomes fully saturated with
In muscles – less
– leaves
Hb
Oxygenated blood to muscles
oxygen
oxygen
oxygenSlide11
11
During exercise
Temperature in muscle
More produced
Both these increase amount of released into muscles
increases
CO
2
oxygenSlide12
12
Forming oxyhaemoglobin
During exercise
In lungs – lots of oxygen –
Hb
becomes fully saturated with O
2
In working muscles – higher and more
– more oxygen leaves
Hb
Oxygenated blood to muscles
temperature
CO
2Slide13
Typical Question – venous return
May 11
Qu
2
(b) Running helps the ‘venous return’ mechanism. Explain how the venous return mechanism works.
(3 marks)Slide14
14
Venous return – blood back to heart
Valves in
Blood only flows one way – towards
Contraction of skeletal muscles during movements –
Constriction of chest veins during inspiration –
Suction pressure of
veins
heart
muscle pump
respiratory pump
heartSlide15
Operant conditioning - Typical Question
Jan 10
Qu
4.
(c)(
i
) Explain what you understand by the term
operant conditioning. (2 marks)
(ii) How can a coach use operant conditioning to develop a gymnast’s skills? (3 marks) Slide16
16
Operant conditioning
S-R theories – become to produce a particular to a particular
- show performer what is required and allow to try
- adjust environment to strengthen chance of correct response
Trial and error learning
conditioned
response
stimulus
ShapingSlide17
17
Reinforcement
To increase
probability of
Strengthens
Positive reinforcement -
Negative reinforcement also encourages repeat of behaviour - stop negative/unpleasant stimulus when
rewards / praise
repeat of behaviour
S-R bond
desired response occursSlide18
18
Punishment
‘Opposite’ of reinforcement
U
sed
to stop repeat of
Weakens
undesired /unsuccessful attempt
S-R
bondSlide19
Typical question - motivation
Jan 10
Qu
3.
In order to improve their performance, badminton players need to be motivated.
(b) (
i
) Explain what do you understand by the term
motivation? (2 marks)
(ii) How could a coach motivate a badminton player to improve? (3 marks)Slide20
20
Motivation
The
drive
to achieve a goal
Two main types:
Intrinsic -
Extrinsic -
from within – self-satisfaction
from outside
tangible - money, badges, etc
intangible - praise, pb, etc
‘best’Slide21
Typical question – observational learning
Jan 12
Qu
3
(c) Performers could learn the swimming start by observational learning. ‘
Bandura’s
observational model of learning’ is shown below.
Using the diagram, explain how attention, motor production and motivation are used help the process of learning a skill.
(3 marks)(d) Suggest how a coach might help a performer to retain newly learned skills. (3 marks)Slide22
22
Observational Learning
Copying/
mimicing
an action/behaviour
Requires learner to be:
Attentive (attention)
Capable of remembering (retention)
Capable of performing
(motor production
)
Willing to learn (motivation)Slide23
Typical question – open and closed loop theory
Jan 11
Qu
4.
(b)(
i
) During activities that involve throwing, performers will use open and closed loop control systems to control the movement. The diagram shows an open loop system.
What are the characteristics of an ‘open loop control system’?
(2 marks) (ii) Explain why an open loop control system is not applicable to all types of skills. (3 marks) Slide24
Open loop theory
No – no
No control
movements
Doesn’t explain:
or skills
24
feedback
modifications
conscious
Rapid/ballistic
Limits of memory
Novel
openSlide25
Open Loop theory
25
Decision
Action
CommandSlide26
26
Adam’s Closed loop theory
Involves
Movement initiated by – motor programme -
Action controlled by -used as model of correctness - adjusted and strengthened through
Does not account for actions for feedback or
feedback
memory trace
experience
perceptual trace
practice
too fast
limitations of memorySlide27
Closed Loop theory
27
Decision
Action
Command
Feedback
Memory trace
Perceptual traceSlide28
Typical question – schema theory
Jan 10
Qu
3.
(c) One form of learning is through schema.
Schmidt's schema theory
(1975) is based on the concept that every time a movement is conducted, information from four sources is gathered.
Explain how these
four sources of information are used to produce a movement.
(4 marks)Slide29
29
Schema theory
Four relationships (schema) stored for every movement:
Initial conditions
Response specifications
3. Sensory consequences
4. Response outcomes
- what’s going on
- what’s needed
- how’d it feel
- what happenedSlide30
30
Schema theory
schema provides motor programme –
schema evaluates responses –
Recall
1 and
2
Recognition
3 and 4Slide31
Typical question – school provision
Jan 10
Qu
6.
(b)(ii) Describe how schools can provide extra-curricular opportunities to increase participation rates for their pupils (
4 marks
)Slide32
Factors influencing provision in schools
Factors influencing provision in schools
Available finance for sport and P.E
Emphasis placed by schools on particular sports
Enthusiasm/ knowledge of teachers
Availability of dual use facilities
Resources available – gyms/pools/ fields
Amount of time availableSlide33
Factors affecting participation
Where you live
School
Family
Race/religion
Socio-economics
Age
Gender
Ability
StereotypingSlide34
Participation
Rates - poor (21%) – Active People Survey
Only 8% for
Only 18.6% for
Only 18.3%
Only 16.3% for
Only 16% for
Mainly
Rates fall on leaving
disabled
ethnic minorities
female
low socio-economic group
young white middle class males
older people
educationSlide35
Barriers
Attitudes – stereotyping; culture; interests;
Access – facilities; transport; finance;
Programme – quality of provision; activity range; ability;
confidence
; motivation;
lifestyle
;
education
;
other activities
level of enjoyment; quality of deliverySlide36
Socio-economic barriers to participation – Typical Question
Jan 08
Qu
3
(b) The 19
th
century public schools provided the children of the middle and upper social classes with the opportunity to participate in a variety of sports that were not available to the working class.
Suggest reasons why social class can
still
be a determining factor in the number
and
type of sporting activities in which an individual might become involved.
(4 marks)Slide37
Causes
T.I.M.E.
Lack of
Lack of
Lack of
Lack of
time
income
mobility – transport
education (health benefits)Slide38
Typical question – inequality - gender
Jan 10
Qu
5.
The graph shows the increase in the number of women participating in sport and physical activity in the UK over the last 100 years.
The participation of women in physical activities is often dependent upon the opportunities available to them.
(
i
) Explain the term
discrimination
. (2 marks)(ii) Discuss whether the opportunities for women to take part in sport and physical activity are the same as for men.
(4 marks)Slide39
Factors affecting women’s participation in sport
Socialisation into role
Family commitment
School/tradition
Lack of media coverage
Male dominated
T.I.M.E.Slide40
Female sport in schools
Supposed to be ‘equal opportunities’
Resistance to compulsory nature of PE –
More success where activities geared towards accepted
Lack of preparation for
compulsory kit,
sweat,
showers
female role
continuing post 16Slide41
Counteracting gender effects
Provide
Ensure good quality
Promote
Adopt women as a
equal access
coaching
achievements
target groupSlide42
More fashionable
Publicity
Shared home responsibilities
Crèches
More activities available
More free time
For social benefits
Reasons why increasing female participantsSlide43
Typical question – inequalities -ethnicity
May 10
Qu
5
The Sport England Active People Survey of 2006 showed that
approximately 9% of people with a disability participate regularly in sport compare to 23% of the rest of the population.
(c) (
i
) Suggest reasons for this lower participation rate for people with a disability.
(4 marks)Jan 11 Qu 6.Some groups in society are less involved in sport and physical activity than other groups.
(c) Give three reasons for the lower participation rates among some ethnic minority groups. (3 marks)Slide44
Ethnicity and physical activity
Lower participation than general population
Linked to socio-economic status -
– overt or implied
Low
Cultural differences
Lack of
T I M E
Discrimination
status
Stereotyping
role modelsSlide45
Disability and physical activity
Lower
Lack of self-esteem – cycle of despair
Lack of specialised / suitable
Lack of
expectations
coaches
facilities
T I M E
role modelsSlide46
Equality
Policies for specific
More minority sport development officers and
Concentrate resources where needed -
areas;
Make activities more available
Classes for specific groups
Lower admission/membership
Change attitudes – anti-discrimination
Raise awareness/ role models;
target groups
coaches
inner city/deprived
costs
campaigns