Unit 6 Accelerating Global Change and Realignments c1900 to the Present Chinese revolution Partner Discussion Question Use the map for some extra insights What were some of the problems that Qing China was facing by 1900 Give TWO examples ID: 670743
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Slide1
Chinese and mexican Revolutions
Unit 6: Accelerating Global Change and Realignments c1900 to the PresentSlide2
Chinese revolutionSlide3
Partner Discussion Question
Use the map for some extra insights!!!
What were some of the problems that Qing China was facing by 1900? Give TWO examples.Slide4
China Revolution - Background
China dominated by imperialist powers
Government = Conservative and anti-foreign (remember the Boxer Rebellion!)
BUT…Gov’t blamed for being weak due to the domination of foreignersSlide5
Chinese Revolution (1911-1912)
Decline of the Qing
Failed to modernize China
Didn’t confront foreign powers
Series of uprising and revolts mostly fought by peasants (as is the case in the decline of EVERY Chinese dynasty)
Leadership of 1911 uprising
is based on cooperation between intellectual elite (including Communists) and provincial Chinese warlords
The
Guomingdang
(Nationalist) Party is formedSlide6
Group Discussion Question
What difficulties might a newly formed government face in China in 1912? Who would the government want to appeal to (peasants, industrialists, intellectuals, military, etc.)?Slide7
China (Civil War) - Roots
1912 - China becomes a republic under Sun
Yat-sen
Chinese warlords overthrow
the republican
government and Sun
Yat-Sen
flees to Japan
Other warlords (old provincial governors) fight the Nationalist Party for power
1928 – Sun Yat-sen’s
successor, Chiang Kai-shek, eventually leads
the Nationalists to powerSlide8
Chinese Civil War (Roots)
Sun
Yat-senSlide9
Chinese Civil War
Under Chiang Kai-shek living
conditions of the
peasants do not improve
Communists – supported by
peasants
Nationalists were seen as corrupt and favoring the elite and business classes
The Communists, led by Mao Zedong, oppose the Nationalist government
Mao forms the Red Army to fight against the Nationalist governmentSlide10
Chinese Civil War
Chiang Kai-
Shek
Mao ZedongSlide11
Group Discussion Question
What disadvantages did the Communist party and Red Army face in fighting against the Nationalists? What advantages did the Communist and Red Army have?Slide12
Chinese Civil War
The Nationalists win many victories against the Communist Red Army
Chiang and his Nationalist army surround
the Red
Army
The Long March – Red Army
retreats -started
with 100,000 men and ends with
8,0001939 - Communist and Nationalist join forces to fight against Japanese
invasionSaves the Communist movementSlide13
The Long MarchSlide14
Chinese Civil War
After WWII – Civil War continues
1949 – Mao’s Communist forces defeat Chiang’s Nationalist
forces
Communist forces used weapons given to them by the Nationalists to fight the Japanese
Increased support from the Soviet Union
Western democracies abandon support for Chiang
Chiang/Nationalists
retreat to the island of Taiwan off the coast of
China
Mao/Communists in charge of mainland China
Separation of China
still
exists
today
Taiwan (Republic of China)Slide15
Retreat of Nationalist ForcesSlide16
Partner Question
What did the Communists believe was needed for China to become self-sufficient in the post-World War II era? How might China achieve this goal? (HINT: Think about Japan in the 1880s!!!)Slide17
China – Great Leap Forward
Chinese communists want to build a better, more industrialized economy
People worked in “communes”
– large
gov’t controlled
cooperatives (work groups)
Peasants made
steel in their
backyards Ultimately a disaster – 20 million people starved as production on farms slashedSlide18
China – Great Leap ForwardSlide19
China – the Cultural Revolution
Ideological division in China’s Communist Party
Pragmatists – wanted practical reforms
Cultural Revolution – Mao’s attempt to take power away from pragmatists
Red Guards – students who supported
Mao
Attacked
teachers, people in
authority
Red Guard uses extreme force to conduct the Cultural Revolution1968 – Mao uses Red Army to put a stop to the Cultural RevolutionSlide20
China – the Cultural RevolutionSlide21
China – the Four Modernizations
1976 – Mao
dies
Deng
Xiaoping gained power
Four Modernizations
Improvements in agriculture, industry, science, defense
End commune system – some private property
Attract foreign investmentCreate more efficient factories operating on principles of supply and demandSlide22
China
Deng XiaopingSlide23
Group Discussion Question
In the Four Modernizations, what aspect of the Chinese people’s lives is missing? What does Deng
NOT
address that the people may desire?Slide24
China – Tiananmen Square
Massacre (1989)
Deng’s policy led to free enterprise (state capitalism)
– but no political freedoms
Students protested for more open political system in Tiananmen Square
Protest brutally put down by government
1,000’s killed, many other imprisonedSlide25
China – Tiananmen Square Massacre (1989)Slide26
Mexican RevolutionSlide27
Partner Discussion Question
What aspect of Mexican society would have been most likely to have caused a political revolution? (HINT: Think about the early Latin American Revolutions in the early 1800s!!)Slide28
Mexican Revolution - Background
Rigid social order remains
Creoles
Mestizos
Africans
Native Americans
United States has great influence over Mexican economy (railroads, oil production, banking)
Mexican Presidency – “job for life” position
President
Porfirio Diaz looking to grow Mexican industry with foreign capitalSlide29
Porforio DiazSlide30
Mexican Revolution - Background
The Effects of the “
Porfiriato
” (or Policy of
Porforio
)
Foreign and Mexican owners discriminated against Mexican workers and Mexican middle class
Did nothing to improve the lives of the poorest
MestizosNeglected education
Confiscated ejidos (or common lands)Slide31
EjidosSlide32
Mexican Revolution
By 1910 – large portions of Mexican society fed up with Diaz
Political and social turmoil resulted
Diaz said he was ready to retire
Diaz reneges on his promise, jails his opponent (Francisco Madero), and the election results in widespread voter fraud
Revolts occur.
1911 – Diaz is overthrown and exiledSlide33
Mexican Revolution
Francisco Madero – despite being a wealthy landowner, promises agrarian reform
Doesn’t fulfill his promise
New rivals for influence among peasants/reformers emerge
Emiliano
Zapata – organized peasants from southern Mexico
Francisco “
Pancho
” Villa – organized peasants from Northern MexicoSlide34
Francisco Madero
Emilio Zapata
“
Pancho
” VillaSlide35
The Mexican Revolution
Huerta and the US
1913 -
Victoriano
Huerta overthrows Madero
Mexican general
Conspires with US Ambassador to overthrow the Madero
gov’t
However, the US Gov’t doesn’t recognize this
gov’t and sends forces to occupy the city of Vera Cruz (1914)
Carranza
The US backs
Venustian
Carranza, a politician more friendly to the US
Zapata and Villa both fight Huerta as wellSlide36
Mexican Revolution
Victoriano
Huerta
Venustian
CarranzaSlide37
The Mexican Revolution
Huerta is defeated and Carranza becomes President
Carranza begins to gain support of peasants with promises of a new constitution
Zapata and Villa now fight against Carranza
Villa conducts raids in southwestern US
US sends troops into Mexico to capture Villa but FAILSlide38
Chasing “Pancho
” Villa
US General PershingSlide39
Group Discussion Question
We have seen SEVERAL Mexican mini-revolutions… why do revolutions keep occurring? What does the new president and his government fail to do?Slide40
The Mexican Constitution
Ratified on January 31
st
, 1917
Universal suffrage
Restrictions on foreign ownership of Mexican land and industry
Limits work day to 8 hours
Establishes a minimum wage
Requires land reformSlide41
Mexican Revolution - Aftermath
Zapata is tricked into capture and is executed in 1917
Villa agrees to a peace deal with Carranza but is later assassinated in 1923
Who gains?
Mexican middle class, some Mexican workers, Indian culture (e.g. murals of Diego Rivera)
PRI – the Institutionalized Revolutionary Party
Picks Mexican leaders
Little real democracy
Who gains the least?
Poorest Mexican agricultural workers
Poorly paid
IlliterateSlide42
Diego Rivera Slide43
Mexican Peasants