Intro to Phonetics Vannesa Mueller PhD CCCSLP SpeechLanguage Pathology Program 1 Definitions Phonetics study of speech emphasizing individual speech sounds 2 Definitions Phonology study of the structure and systematic patterning of sounds within a particular language ID: 763959
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Intro to Phonetics Vannesa Mueller, Ph.D., CCC-SLPSpeech-Language Pathology Program 1
Definitions Phonetics – study of speech emphasizing individual speech sounds 2
Definitions Phonology – study of the structure and systematic patterning of sounds within a particular languageWhich sounds language users use How the sounds are organized and arranged Japanese - / st / not permitted English - / kn/, /gn/ do not start words 3
Physiological phonetics 4 Anatomical and physiological mechanisms and processes that are the foundation for speech production Breathing Voicing Articulating Resonating
Speech is a side-effect 5
Respiratory system 6 Primary function / vital function? Secondary function / overlaid functions?
Respiratory system 7
Respiratory system 8
Phonatory system9 Primary function / vital function? Secondary function / overlaid function?
Phonatory system10
Phonatory system11 Fundamental frequency – number of glottal openings per second Females – 200-260 cycles per second Males – 120-145 cycles per second Vocal fold video
Resonatory system Primary function / vital function? Secondary function / overlaid function? 12
Resonatory system 13
Articulatory system Primary function / vital function? Secondary function / overlaid function? 14
Articulatory system 15
Phonetic transcription 16 written notation of speech sounds IPA (International Phonetic Alphabet) – most widely used system to document speech sounds
Underlying theoretical concepts 17 some aspects of speech have linguistic relevance while others do not speech can be represented as a sequence of discrete sounds there are consonants and vowels the phonetic description of sound segments can be referenced according to their production and auditory characteristics suprasegmental properties need to be represented
English orthography How many letters?How many sounds?How many vowels?How many vowel sounds? 18
English orthography How many letters? 26How many sounds? 44How many vowels? 5 How many vowel sounds? 16 (Australian English – 21) 19
What word is this? ghoti 20
How do we describe speech sounds? 21 Place of articulation Manner of articulation Voicing
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Voicing 35 /p/ p ay /b/ b oy /t/ t oy /d/ d oll /k/ c oat /g/ g oat /m/ m oon /n/ n ot / ŋ/ si ng / θ / th ink /ð/ th ose /f/ f ar /v/ v ase /s/ s un /z/ z oo / ʃ / sh oe / ʒ/ bei ge /h/ h op /t ʃ / ch op /dʒ/ j ob /j/ y es /w/ w in /ʍ/ wh at /l/ l eap /r/ r un
Ready?! How many sounds are in the following words?Hat Soap Word Three Through Forward 36
Allophones The variation of a phoneme used by various speakers in differing contextsIn other words, allophones are variations of phones that belong in the same family of phonemes Aspirated /p/ vs. unaspirated /p/ “peddle” vs. “stop” 37
Allophones Free variation – either phone can be used Complementary distribution – phones have certain linguistic environments that do not overlap l ist vs. fu ll 38
Coarticulation Changes in the production of sounds based on the influence of surrounding soundsSue News / nuz / vs. Newspaper / nuspe͡ɪpɚ /Sandwich /sæmɪtʃ/ 39
Dialectical variations 40 Substitution processes - / ɑ,ɔ / Phonotactic processes – addition or deletion of phonemes / p ɑ k / for park Prosodic variability – stress differences / dʒuˈla͡ɪ / vs. /ˈ dʒula͡ɪ /
Why do you care? 41
Voice onset time The duration of time that passes between the release of a stop consonant and the onset of voice. /p/ vs. /b/ 42
Rife & Rice (2014) 43