IN THE NAME OF GOD PHONETICS - PowerPoint Presentation

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IN THE NAME OF GOD

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PHONETICS

by

ARMAN ZAKER

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phonetics

Phonetics: is

the science which studies the characteristics of human sound making, especially those used in speech

.

Phone:

the actual sounds that are produced in

speaking.

The main activities of phoneticians are • the description of sounds • the classification of sounds • the transcription of sounds

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Phonetics is something that all of us do, every day, every time we open our mouths and speak. We even do it when we listen to other people speaking. But we do it all subconsciously. Studying phonetics as a discipline raises this to conscious awareness.

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The main branches of phonetics are

•

articulatory

phonetics

which studies the way speech sounds are made (articulated) -

artikulační

fonetika

,

organogenetická

fonetika

•

acoustic phonetics which studies physical properties of speech sounds as transmitted between mouth and ear • auditory phonetics which studies the perceptual response to speech sounds

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Acoustic phonetics

Acoustic phonetics

is the study of the physical properties of sounds, the air wave frequencies of which sounds consist. The

frequency of vibrations

measured in

hertz

;

volume of sound

measured in decibels. Instruments used to measure and record speech sounds include the sound spectrograph, which produces readouts called sound spectrograms.

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Acoustic phonetics

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Auditory phonetics

Auditory phonetics

is the study of how sounds are perceived by the human ear or recognized by the brain.

Oronyms

: slip of the ear:

Gray tape Vs Great ape

A doggy-dog story Vs a dog eat dog story

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Articulatory

phonetics

Articulatory

phonetics

is the study of how sounds are produced by the vocal apparatus.

Articulatory

phonetics will be the main focus of our study

.

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Vocal organs

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Vocal organs

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all speech sounds result from air being somehow obstructed or modified within the vocal tract.

a)

the airstream process

--the source of air used in making the sound.

b)

the phonation process

--the behavior of the vocal cords in the glottis during the production of the sound.

c)

the oro-nasal process--the modification of that flow of air in the vocal track (from the glottis to the lips and nose).

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You often see the

larynx (a term familiar to

us from

when we lose our voice

and

are

told we have

laryngitis) described as a box made of cartilages

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The front wall is the

thyroid cartilage, or ‘shield cartilage’ in lay terms, which

is

responsible

for the ‘Adam’s apple’ (the

thyroid prominence

) and which is

located at

the front of your neck.

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Behind the

thyroid prominence, on the

inner surface

of the cartilage is the anchor point

for the

front ends of the

vocal folds

.

The thyroid cartilage is located at the top of the trachea or ‘wind pipe’ – the cartilaginous tube that channels air in and out of the lungs.

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The trachea itself is constructed

by superimposed

, incomplete rings of cartilage, open at the

back

The very top cartilage,

however, is

different. It is a complete circle and is known as the

cricoid

cartilage or ‘ring cartilage’

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The thyroid cartilage locates above the narrower, front face of the

cricoid

cartilage

(which now becomes the foundation or open ‘floor’ of the box) and curves around

the sides, leaving an opening at the back in which two further cartilages sit, above the

wider part of the

cricoid

cartilage ring, making, effectively, a rear wall. These are

the aretynoid cartilages – a matching pair of small rather triangular or pear-shapedcartilages which constitute the back anchor point for the vocal folds – one attachedto each fold.

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The vocal folds – fleshy folds of tissue – have depth (like the thyroid cartilage, to

which they attach at the front) and are effectively hung like a pair of very

substantial

curtains across from the front to back of this structure

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Muscles attaching to

the

aretynoid

cartilages move these in various directions and are the main force

for positioning

the folds in an open (

abducted) or closed (adducted)

positionWhen open, the space between the folds is called the glottis

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Airstream mechanisms

Most sounds in the world's languages are produced by manipulating

air coming into the vocal tract as it is being exhaled by the lungs

, a method referred to as the

pulmonic

egressive

airstream mechanism

.  Sounds made by manipulating air as it is exhaled from the lungs are called pulmonic egressive sounds.

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Airstream mechanisms

velaric

airstream mechanism

.  There is regular oral articulation, while the back of tongue seals off air from the lungs and creates a relative vacuum.  Air in the mouth is rarified by backward and downward movement of the tongue.   When the stricture is released the air rushes in, creating a click.

One

Khoisan

language  !

Xung

has 48 different click sounds. A few of the Bantu languages of South Africa, such as Zulu, have clicksListen to clicks!