things Biology and Geology department IES Campanar Valencia 1What are microorganisms Microorganisms or microbes are single celled organisms Too small to be seen ID: 638801
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Slide1
THE
BACTERIA
The simplest living
things
Biology and Geology department– I.E.S
Campanar
-
ValenciaSlide2
1.-What are
micro-organisms?
Micro-organisms
or microbes are single celled organisms.
Too
small to be seen
with
the
naked
eye.
They
are
found
practically
EVERYWHERE on
earth.
Also
commonly known
as bugs,
germs and
microbes.
Generally
divided
into 3
different
groups:
Bacteria,
Fungi and
VirusSlide3
2.-What is a
bacteria?
Bacteria
have a prokariotic cell
structure.
They
do
not
have an organized
nucleus.
They
are unicellular
organisms containing DNA
andribosomes.They belong to monera kingdom.Slide4
Prokariotic cell
structureSlide5
3.-Bacteria
can only
be
seen
by
microscope:They have
three distinct shapes
Spherical
(cocci)
Rod-shaped
(bacilli)
Spiral
(spirilla)
Different kinds
of
bacteria
seen
at
the
microscope.Slide6
4.-Which characteristics
do they
have?
.
Bacteria
have
ALL CHARACTERISTICS
of living
beings: nutrition,
reproduction
and
interaction with
the
environment.Slide7
4.1.- Bacteria nutrition
(I)
Most
bacteria
are
heterotrophs
:
they
do
not produce
their own
food.
There are 3
types:
Parasites: They feed off living things.
They cause illnesses
like tuberculosis
and
cholera.
Saprophytes
: They
live
on dead or decomposing matter. They transform organic substances
into inorganic.
Some
saporphytes
are
useful,
example lactobacilo is used
to
make
yoghurt.
Symbionts
: They live on bodies of other living things to provide mutual benefit. They can be found in the digestive system of many mammals. There intestinal bacteria
help with digestion.Slide8
4.1.- Bacteria nutrition
(II)
Some bacteria are:Autotrophs:
they make their own
food through photosynthesis,
for
example cyanobacteria.
Others
are:
Aerobic
:
Which
means they require
oxygen
to
live.
Anaerobic: which means oxygen is deadly to
them.Slide9
4.2.-Bacteria
reproduction
Bacteria
generally reproduce by
binary
fission
, producing
two
daughter cells. Each
daughter
cell grows and then
divides
again.Slide10
5.-Harmful bacteria, useful
bacteria?
What a
mess!!!
Recommended
reading:
The
misunderstood
bacteriaSlide11
5.1.-Harmful
bacteria:
Bacteria
produce
diseases
in
these two
situations
:
U
s
in
g
ce
l
ls
as foo
d
:
Ba
c
teria
bork
e
h
ealthy
ce
l
ls
i
n
order
to feed
off them,destroying the cellular tissue.Spreading to
xins: Some bacteria throw a toxin tha
t
f
l
ow
s
t
hr
o
u
g
h
t
he
bloodstream
along
all
the
body,
altering
the
proper
performance
of
the
cellular
t
i
ssue.
E.g:
Food poisoning- Tuberculosis - Cholera - Syphilis – Ulcers –Throat streptococcus
Scarlatina –Cough –
Meningitis
–Pneumonia –Leprosy
–tetanus
–
Yaws
disease
But,
only a minority of
the bacteria (less than 1%)
cause
diseases in
humans, animals and plants. The
rest
of
them
are
beneficialSlide12
What
is
Yaws
disease?
It belongs to the group of chronic diseases caused for bacteria classified
as Treponema. There are known three species:
Treponema
pallidum pertenue
:
Yaws
disease
Treponema
pallidum
endemicum:
Endemic Syphilis
or bejelTreponema pallidum carateum:
PintaSlide13
What
is
Yaws
disease?
Although they
are
not lethal, these diseases are painful and they produced lesions in the
skin, cartilages, face
and
soft
tissues
from the mouth
and
bones.Slide14
What
is
Yaws
disease?
From the
beforementioned three,
the Yaws disease is the one that can be most easily found. It can be spotted
in poor
rural
communities located
in
warm and humid tropical zones from Africa, Asia, South
America
and the Pacific.Slide15
What
is
Yaws
disease?
Children under
15 year old which live in poor socio- economic conditions are
the main target of the infection.Slide16
What
is
Yaws
disease?
Transmission occurs with direct
contact with an infected wound, trough the
skin.The
incubation
period
has
an average of 21
daysSlide17
In
1948 when
the World
Health Organization (WHO)
was created, the treponematose diseases were the most troublesome ones in matters of public
health
Yaws : 160 million of affected.
B
e
j
e
l: Pinta:
1 million of
affected.
700.000
affected.
What
is
Yaws disease?Slide18
For
this reason, urgent health
campaignswere
released.Massive injectable penicillin
treatments were applied in 46 countries.
These diseases were reduced on a
95%
This
w
a
s o
n
e of
th
e
bi
gge
st achievements of the WHO.What
is
Yaws
disease?Slide19
What
is
Yaws
disease?
But, the lack of controls and
the
diminution of resources made the
Yaws disease appear again
in West
Africa, Asia
and
the Pacific, after the
70s
In 2006
the
WHO
highlighted,
on
its public health agenda, the Yaws disease as an important problem.The eradication of this disease
on
India
was
the
motivation for this renewed
eradication
in other
countries.Slide20
In 2010 the doctor Oriol
Mitjà
went to Lihir, an island
in Papua, new Guinea, to make
a substitution for a month in a medical center.
There he
found out that most of its inhabitants were affected by the Yaws disease
and
he decided
to
stay to look for
solutions.
What
is
Yaws
disease?Slide21
What
is
Yaws
disease?
He discovered that only
one pill of the antibiotic AZITROMIZINA was enough to cure
the disease with a cost of 0,50€.
Thanks
to
his
work and working alongside the
WHO, a
campaign was started
in
order to
eradicate the disease
globally for
the year
2020.Slide22
5.1.-Harmful
bacteria:
Yaws
disease
TEASER
"Where the roads
end":
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SZFMOSsi9KQ
Un
médico español descubre el modo
para
erradicar
la
enfermedad de
Pian:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QWZBETxqi-8Slide23
5.2.-Ways of protection
against the
harmful
bacteria
There
are a few big ways to protect
yourself against
pathogens
:
Antibiotics
(drugs
to kill bacteria)
Vaccination
(using your body
´
s
own
immune system to pre-emptively guard against attack)
Hygiene,
clean your hands
before your meals
can prevent
from
diseases
.Slide24
5.3.-Antibiotics can
only be
used
to
treat
bacterial infections
They target specific structures on bacteria to kill
them.
First
made
from
a
fungus substance (penicillin),now
most are made
artificially.
Antibiotic
resistance is when the antibiotic doesn´t target bacteria anymore. This is becoming a major problem.Slide25
5.4.-
Vaccines
can only
be used to prevent infections
“Trick”
your immune
system to make antibodies
that destroy foreign
“bodies” or particles
(such
as
bacteria
and
viruses)
They
are made
from a weakened bacteria or inactivated microorganisms, or by using
only part of the
bacteria
itself.Slide26
6.-Useful
bacteria
Bacteria have
a
variety
of
important
uses
:
They help
to
produce
interesting food
(buttermilk,
yogurt,
cheese,
sauerkraut, pickles, and olives,
etc)
Decompose organic matter
(recycle nutrients from dead
organisms, break
down
sewage
into
simpler
compounds)
Nitrogen
fixation
(chemically
changes
nitrogen
gas, N2
into
amonia NH3, so plants can make amino
acids)
Human health (Bacteria on skin prevent infection and bacteria in gut helps digest food and make vitamins)–
Biotechnology (used to make antibiotics, insulin, human growth hormone,vitamins and other drugs)Slide27
Bacteria
are
awesome!
Biology
and Geology
department–
I.E.S
Campanar
-
Valencia