Dictatorships Defined Types of political regimes When and why do dictatorships emerge The concept of dictatorship has been used to characterize specific types of regimes since ancient times ID: 641342
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Slide1
What are dictatorships? How do we distinguish between these forms of rule and others?
Dictatorships: DefinedSlide2
Types of political regimes: When (and why) do dictatorships emerge?
The concept of “dictatorship” has been used to characterize specific types of regimes since ancient times.
Aristotle’s
Politics:
Correct
Deviant
One Ruler
Monarchy
Tyranny
Few Rulers
Aristocracy
Oligarchy
Many Rulers
Polity
DemocracySlide3
Political terms associated with dictatorships
Autocracy – Rule by one person.
P
ower of ruler is “absolute” (cf. absolutism).Authoritarianism— Concentration of power or illegitimate authority in the hands of an individual or group who rule in the name of the people. Usually a non-democratic regime in which rulers cannot be displaced from power by will of people or political subjects.
“
Bonapartism
” – Strong-man rule that does not conform to conventional notions of dictatorships, military rule (junta), etc. Characterized by concentration of power in the centralized administration of the state. Aggressive foreign policy aimed at building empires, etc. Embodiment of the power of the state in the personality of the states’ ruler. Modern sense: Demagogues like Hitler and Stalin.Slide4
Political terms dictatorship
“Cult of the Personality” – Rule which emphasizes the role of an individual in all forms of rule. Religious-like representation of single leader in media/propaganda of ruling system
.
Junta
– Rule by cliques or committees following a revolutionary takeover, e.g. bureaucratic-military rule or committee rule during French Revolution.
Personalist
-Autocratic rule – Hereditary dictatorships (
Ceauseçu
,
Kim
I
l-Sung
,
Fidel/
Raúl
Castro.
)
Totalitarianism – Modern notion of all-encompassing form of
rule.Slide5
Types of dictatorship
Benign Dictatorship (de jure) – designated leader/ruler who rules in order to establish order during a time of acute military/civil crises.
Despotism – Arbitrary – not limited by law -- or tyrannical form of rule. (Cf. enlightened despotism). No formal restraints on power of ruler.Slide6
Autocrats: Tsarist rulers (e.g., Ivan the Terrible); Nazi regime.
Absolutists: Louis XIV (The “Sun King”)
Enlightened Despots: Catherine the Great (Russia); Frederick the Great (Prussia).
Authoritarian rulers: Miguel Primo de Rivera (Spain); Antonio Salazar (Portugal).Bonapartism: Louis Napoleon (Napoleon III/Nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte.)Cult of Personality: Napoleon; Joseph Stalin; Adolf Hitler; Benito Mussolini; Mao Zedong.
Junta: Latin American military rulers (Viola in Argentina, Pinochet in Chile
…)
Personalist-Autocratic: Kim Il-Sung; Juan Peron; Nicolae Ceauseçu.
Examples of Dictators and dictatorial ruleSlide7
Europe in the Interwar era, 1919-1939
Crisis of liberal democracy; the rise of political extremes on the left and right. (USSR (after 1924); Fascist Italy (after 1922); and Nazi Germany(after 1933).
Communism in Russia and beyond: Bolshevik Revolution of October/November, 1917; Communist revolts in Germany (1919-1920) and Hungary (1919)/
“Red” Revolutionary risings in Italy, Spain, and elsewhere in Europe (1918-1921).
Modern Dictators/DictatorshipsSlide8
Factors contributing to rise of dictatorial forms of rule in Europe:Economic: Post-war economic instability (inflation, deficits, reduced markets)
Geopolitical: New countries (types of economies?)
Recovering from the “
Great War”Modern Dictatorships, cont.Slide9
CASE STUDIES: RUSSIA (USSR), 1917-1924
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND: Political, Social, and Economic conditions that gave rise to (1) collapse of
tsarism
, (2) revolutions of 1917. FEATURES OF COMMUNIST “DICTATORSHIP: Ideology of Leninism (Organization -- Vanguard party and Praxis -- role of violence and coercion). Structural features of one-party state: politburo, secretariat, propaganda and control of news and information.Slide10
Case studies: Italy, 1919-1936
Historical Background: Post-war treaties; Flaws of Liberal government; political, social, and economic conditions which challenged Liberal order (e.g., “Mutilated peace,” Fissiparous political spectrum
(socialists/PSI, Catholics/PPI,
liberals, communists/PCI, fascists/PNF); impact of Russian Revolution (radicalization of left -- factory council movement).
Features of Fascist movement: (1) Militarization and mobilization of masses; (2) Ideological tenets of fascist doctrine that appealed to broad segments of Italian population; (3) Structural features of fascist party and movement.Slide11
Case Studies: Spain and portugal
Historical background
: From liberal republic to dictatorship, 1910-1918.
Role of military? Failure of liberal politics?Rise of authoritarian rulers: military rule from 1926 to 1932.Ideology of Authoritarianism: Conservatism, corporatism, Catholic, anti-liberal (democratic), anti-communist. Fascist influences. Role of state?Antonio Salazar: Authoritarian or Fascist? What was the
Estado Novo
? Fascist features of new regime. Relations between Portugal and fascist/authoritarian Europe?Slide12
Spain and Portugal, cont.
Historical background
: Collapse of Restoration system, 1923. Social and political reasons for the decline of liberal rule: working-class radicalism, separatism, Moroccan conflict.
Rise of anti-democratic movements elsewhere in Europe, 1922-1931 -- Italy, Yugoslavia, Austria, Hungary, etc.Ideology of Primo’s dictatorship: Miguel Primo de Rivera’s military background. Establishing military vs. civilian rule after 1923. “Country, Religion, Monarchy”: Main ideological tenets of new regime.
Structural features of
Primo’s
dictatorship: Military directory headed by Primo; Constitutional legitimacy; role of state as reforming agent; fascist influences.Slide13
Spain, cont.
Decline of
primorriverismo
: Failure of labour policies (comités paritarios); Loss of military support; Middle-class opposition to primorriverista
policies. Pro-democratic forces that led to the demise of
Primo’s
dictatorship (1930-1931).Slide14
Case Studies: Austria
Historical background:
Post-war Austria (end of Habsburg empire); political parties in liberal regime formed after 1918 (Social Democrats, Christian Socialists, Nationalists, National Socialists). Economic and political problems facing newly established republic.
Ideology: Political factions on left (social democrats and communists); nationalism and the right; pro-German vs. Nazi ideology.Slide15
Case studies: Germany
Historical background
: Liberal aspects of post-war rule (est. of Weimar Republic.) Challenges from the left and right. Political spectrum of new republic – SPD, DDP, DVP, Centre, KPD, NSDAP parties
.Ideology: Social democracy vs. communism; Conservatism vs. liberalism; Nazi beliefs and values.